Some thoughts on medical education in the twenty-first century

References

• ADAMS, W.T., SNOW, G.M. & HELMICK, P.M. (2000) Automated charge processing streamlines data entry, Healthcare Financial Management, 54, pp. 50–53.
   Google Scholar
• ALPERT, J.S., FURMAN, S. & SMAHA, L. (2002) Conflicts of interest: science, money, and health, Archives of Internal Medicine, 162, pp. 635–637.
   Google Scholar
• ARLOW, F.L., RAYMOND, P.L, KARLSTADT, R.G., CROITORU, R., RYBICKI, B.A. & SASTRI, S.V. (2002) Gastroenterology training and career choices: a prospective longitudinal study of the impact of gender and of managed care, American Journal of Gastroenterology, 97, pp. 459–469. ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES (1993) Educating medical students: Assessing change in medical education—the road to implementation (ACME-TRI report), Academic Medicine, 68 (Suppl., June).
   Google Scholar
• ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES (2000) A snapshot of medical students' education at the beginning of the 21st century: report from 130 schools, Academic Medicine, 75 (Suppl., September).
   Google Scholar
• BAYNE, R., BAzsi, M., Cook, D., Cox, C., CUNNINGHAM, R., DAY, R., Loomis, J., MCCARGAR, L., PHILIPPON, D., PIMLOTT, J., TAYLOR, E. & WHITNEY, E. (2000) A required inter-professional course for all health sciences students, in: Alan Blizzard Award Winning Papers, Society for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education (New York, McGraw-Hill Ryerson), pp. 3–13.
   Google Scholar
• BER, R. & ALROY, G. (2002) Teaching professionalism with the aid of trigger films, Medical Teacher, 24(5), pp. 528–531.
   Google Scholar
• Bibbiss, M. (1997) Tomorrow's doctors and the study of the past, Lancet, 349, pp. 874–876.
   Google Scholar
• BLENDON, R.J. & BENSON, J.M. (2001) Americans' views on health policy: a fifty-year historical perspective, Health Affairs (Millwood), 20, pp. 33–46.
   Google Scholar
• BORDAGE, G. & LEMIEUX, M. (1991) Semantic structures and diagnostic thinking of experts and novices, Academic Medicine, 66, pp 70-72. BOWEN, J.L. & IRBY, D.M. (2002) Assessing quality and costs of education in the ambulatory setting: a review of the literature, Academic Medicine, 77,621–680.
   Google Scholar
• BROOKS, J.P. (1996) Suggestions for management training of residents, Physician Executive, 22, pp. 26–28.
   Google Scholar
• BROOKS, R.G., WALSH, M., MARDON, R.E., LEWIS, M. & CLAWSON, A. (2002) The roles of nature and nurture in the recruitment and retention of primary care physicians in rural areas: a review of the literature, Academic Medicine, 77, pp. 790–798.
   Google Scholar
• CALLAHAN, D. (1997) Restoring the proper goals of the healing arts, Chronicle of Higher Education, 25 April, p. A52.
   Google Scholar
• CALLAHAN, D. (2002) The technology trap. Our American love for medical gadgetry blinds us to its hidden costs, Health Progress, 83, pp.44–46.
   Google Scholar
• CALMAN, K. & DowNIE, R. (1996) Why art courses for medical curricula?, Lancet, 347, pp. 1499–1500.
   Google Scholar
• CLEMENS, S.L. ("Mark Twain") (1883) Life on the Mississippi, Chapter 17. (Boston, James R. Osgood and Company).
   Google Scholar
• CONNELLY, M.T. & INt.n, T.S. (2001) Principles of disease prevention, in: E. BRAUNWALD, A. FAUCI, D. KASPER, S.L. HAUSER, D.L. Longo & J.L. Jameson (Eds) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, pp. 48–48 (New York, McGraw-Hill).
   Google Scholar
• COOPER, R.A. (2002) There's a shortage of specialists: is anyone listening?, Academic Medicine, 77, pp. 761–766.
   Google Scholar
• Coop, R.A. & GETZEN, T.E. (2002) The coming physician shortage, Health Affairs (Millwood), 21, pp. 296–299.
   Google Scholar
• CouRstN, D.B. & VENDER, J.S. (2002) The shortage of anesthesiologists—and other medical specialists, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 77,203-205. CourTs, M.G. (1991) Teaching ethics in the health care setting, Part I: Survey of the literature, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 1, pp. 171–185. DARRAGH, M. (2001) Teaching resources in bioethics update, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 11, pp. 211–218.
   Google Scholar
• De LEVAL, M.R., CARTHEY, J., WRIGHT, D.J., FAREWELL, V.T. & Reason J.T. (2000) Human factors and cardiac surgery: a multicenter study, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 119, pp. 661–672. DENT, J.A., KER, J.S., ANGELL-PREECE, H.M. & PREECE, P.E. (2001) Twelve tips for setting up an ambulatory care (outpatient) teaching centre, Medical Teacher, 23(4), pp. 345–350.
   Google Scholar
• DiouNsoN, G.E. & FIELD, D. (2002) Teaching end-of-life issues: current status in United Kingdom and United States medical schools, American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, 19, pp. 181–186.
   Google Scholar
• DICLEMENTE, C.C., PROCHASKA, J.0., FAIRHURST, S.K. & VELICER, W.F. (1991) The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precontempla-tion, contemplation, and preparation stages of change, Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 59, pp. 295–304.
   Google Scholar
• DuBois, J.M. & BURKEMPER, J. (2002) Ethics education in U.S. medical schools: a study of syllabi, Academic Medicine, 77, pp. 432–437.
   Google Scholar
• ELM, C.L., V(1ns0N, H.D., WILSON, E.A. & SCHWARTZ, R. (1995) Physicians for the 21st century: implications for medical practice, undergraduate preparation, and medical education, Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association, 93, pp. 247–252.
   Google Scholar
• FREETH, D. (2001) Sustaining interprofessional collaboration, Journal of Interprofessional Care, 15, pp. 37–46.
   Google Scholar
• GREEN, L.A., FRYER, G.R. JR., YAWN, B.P., LANIER, D. & DOVEY, S. (2001) The ecology of medical care revisited, New England Journal of Medicine, 344, pp. 2021–2025.
   Google Scholar
• GRIGSBY, W.J. (2002) Telehealth: an assessment of growth and distribu-tion, Journal of Rural Health, 18, pp. 348–358.
   Google Scholar
• HARDEN, R.M. (1998) AMEE Guide No. 12: Multiprofessional educa-tion. Part 1—Effective multiprofessional education: a three-dimen-sional perspective, Medical Teacher, 20(5), pp. 402–408.
   Google Scholar
• HARDEN, R.M. (2000) Evolution or revolution and the future of medical education: replacing the oak tree, Medical Teacher, 22(5), pp. 435-442. HARDEN, R.M. & HART, I.R. (2002) An international virtual medical school (IVIMEDS): the future for medical education?, Medical Teacher, 24, pp. 261–267.
   Google Scholar
• HUNT, A.D. JR. (1997) Educating doctors: crises in medical education research and practice, Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, p. 1815.
   Google Scholar
• HUNT, C.E., KALLENBERG, G.A. & WHITCOMB, M.E. (1999) Medical students' education in the ambulatory care setting: background paper 1 of the Medical School Objectives Project, Academic Medicine, 74, pp. 289–296.
   Google Scholar
• INSTITUTE FOR THE FuruRE (2000) Health & Health Care, 2010, the Forecast, the Future, the Challenge, 1st edn, pp. 6–8, 23–24 (San Francisco, Jossey-Bass).
   Google Scholar
• KARISSON, J. & EKLUND, P. (2000) Data mining and structuring of executable data analysis reports: guideline development and imple-mentation in a narrow sense, Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 77, pp. 790–794.
   Google Scholar
• KAUFMAN, A. & WATERMAN, R.E. (Eds) (1993) Health of the Public: A Challenge to Academic Health Centers. Strategies for Reorienting Academic Health Centers toward Community Health Needs. Health of the Public Program (San Francisco, University of California).
   Google Scholar
• LEIPZIG, R.M., HYER, K., EK, K., WALLENSTEIN, S., VEZINA, M.L., FAIRCHILD, S., CASSEL, C.K. & Howe, J.L. (2002) Attitudes toward working on interdisciplinary healthcare teams: a comparison by discipline, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, pp. 1141–1148. LOWRY, S. (1992) What's wrong with medical education in Britain?, British Medical Journal, 305, pp. 1277–1280.
   Google Scholar
• MCGAGHIE, W., Myrxo, J.J., BROWN, W.N. & CAMERON, J.R. (2002) Altruism and compassion in the health professions: a search for clarity and precision, Medical Teacher, 24(4), pp. 374–378.
   Google Scholar
• MCPHERSON, K., HEADRICK, L. & Moss, F. (2001) Working and learning together: good quality care depends on it, but how can we achieve it?, Quality and Safety in Health Care, 10(Suppl. 2), pp. 46–53.
   Google Scholar
• MIRES, G., WILLIAMS, F., HARDEN, R.M. & Howls, P.W. (2001) The benefits of a multiprofessional education programme can be sustained, Medical Teacher, 23(3), pp. 300–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MULLER, S. (1984) Physicians for the 21st Century: The GPEP Report (Report of the Project Panel on the General Professional Education of Physicians and College Preparation for Medicine) (Washington, DC, Association of American Medical Colleges).
   Google Scholar
• MURDOCH-EATON, D & CROMBIE, H. (2002) Complementary and alternative medicine in the undergraduate curriculum, Medical Teacher, 24, pp. 100–102.
   Google Scholar
• O'BRIEN, T., FREEMANTLE, N., OxmAN, A.D., WOLF, F., DAVIS, D.A. & HERRIN, J. (2001) Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes, Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, CD003030.
   Google Scholar
• OKASHA, A. (1997) The future of medical education and teaching: a psychiatric perspective, American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, pp. S77—S85. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (2002) OECD Health Data [available at: http://www.oecd.org/xls/M00031000/ M00031380.xls].
   Google Scholar
• PARSELL, G. & BLIGN, J. (1998) Interprofessional learning, Postgraduate Medical Journal, 75, pp. 317–318.
   Google Scholar
• PATEL, V.L., CyrRyN, KN., SHORTIIFFE, E.H. & SAFRAN, C. (2000) The collaborative health care team: the role of individual and group expertise, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 12, pp. 117–132. POMREHN, P.R., DAVIS, M.V., CHEN, D.W. & BARKER, W. (2000) Prevention for the 21st century: setting the context through under-graduate medical education, Academic Medicine, 75 (Suppl.), pp. S5—S13. PUCHAISKI, C.M. & LARSON, D.B. (1998) Developing curricula in spirituality and medicine, Academic Medicine, 73, pp. 970–974. RAE]Nowrrz, H.K, DIAMOND, J.J., MARKHAM, F.W. & HAzELWOOD, C.E. (1999) A program to increase the number of family physicians in rural and underserved areas: impact after 22 years, Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, pp. 255–260.
   Google Scholar
• ROSSER, W.W. (2002) The decline of family medicine as a career choice, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 166, pp. 1419–1420.
   Google Scholar
• SALAS, E., BURKE, C.S., BOWERS, C.A. & WILSON, K.A. (2001) Team training in the skies: does crew resource management (CRM) training work?, Human Factors, 43, pp. 641–674.
   Google Scholar
• SCHWARZ, M.R. (2001) Globalization and medical education, Medical Teacher, 23(6), pp. 533–534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHWARZ, M.R. & WorrczAK, A. (2002) Global minimum essential requirements: a road towards competence-oriented medical education, Medical Teacher, 24(2), pp. 125–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.R., PAN, R.J., SULLIVAN, A.M., CLARK-CHIARELLI, N., CONNELLY, M.T., PETERS, A.S., SINGER, J.D., INUI, T.S. & BLOCK, S.D. (1999) Views of managed care—a survey of students, residents, faculty, and deans at medical schools in the United States, New England Journal of Medicine, 340, pp. 928–936.
   Google Scholar
• SimEsoN, J.G., FURNACE, J., CROSBY, J. et al. (2002) The Scottish doctor—learning outcomes for the medical undergraduate in Scotland: a foundation for competent and reflective practitioners, Medical Teacher, 24(2), pp. 136–141.
   Google Scholar
• STENER-VICTOMN, E., WINLAND, M., WALDENSTROM, U. & LUNDEBERG, T. (2002) Alternative treatments in reproductive medicine: much ado about nothing: acupuncture—a method of treatment in reproductive medicine: lack of evidence of an effect does not equal evidence of the lack of an effect. Human Reproduction, 17, pp. 1942–1946.
   Google Scholar
• STEWART, M., BROWN, J.B., WEsTox, W.W., MCWHINNEY, I.R., McMILIAN', C.L. & FREEMAN, T.R. (1995) Patient-centered Medicine: Transforming the Clinical Method (Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications).
   Google Scholar
• SYKES, R.B. (1998) The 1998 Radcliffe Lecture: 'Medicines, morals, and money: the high ground and the bottom line', Oxford University Gazette, 129 [available at: http://www.ox.ac.ulegazette/1998-9/weekly/261198/ news/list.htm].
   Google Scholar
• TANDETER, H. & GRANEK-CATARIVAS, M. (2001) Choosing primary care? Influences of medical school curricula on career pathways, Israel Medical Association Journal, 3, pp. 969–972.
   Google Scholar
• Tows, J. (1990) Presenting the patient as a person: a challenge to medical education, Humane Medicine, 6, pp. 180–185.
   Google Scholar
• TONELLI, M.R & CALLAHAN, T.C. (2001) Why alternative medicine cannot be evidence-based, Academic Medicine, 76, pp. 1213–1220.
   Google Scholar
• TREISi iii, N.W. (1998) Physician acceptance of new medical informationsystems: the field of dreams, Physician Executive, 24, pp. 20–24.
   Google Scholar
• VON PETER, S., TING, W., SCRIVANI, S., KORKIN, E., OKVAT, H., GROSS, M., Oz, C. & BALMACEDA, C. (2002) Survey on the use of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with headache syndromes, Cephalalgia, 22, pp. 395–400.
   Google Scholar
• WAGENKNECHT, L.E., CRAVEN, T.E., PREISSER, J.S., MANOLIO, T.A., WINDERS, S. & HULLEY, S.B. (1998) Ten-year trends in cigarette smoking among young adults, 1986-1996: the CARDIA study. Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults, Annals of Epidemiology, 8, pp. 301–307.
   Google Scholar
• WEAR, D. & CASTELLANI, B. (2000) The development of professionalism: curriculum matters, Academic Medicine, 75, pp. 602–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEEKLEY, J.S., Swum, B.J. & PRADHAN, M. (2000) The intersection of health informatics and evidence-based medicine: computer-based systems to assist clinicians, Medical journal of Australia, 173, pp. 376–378.
   Google Scholar
• WHITCOMB, M.E. (2002) Fostering and evaluating professionalism in medical education, Academic Medicine, 77, pp. 473–474.
   Google Scholar
• WHrrE, K.L., WILLIAMS, T.F. & GREENBERG, B.G. (1961) The ecology of medical care, New England Journal of Medicine, 265, pp. 885–892, World Health Organization (1978) Declaration of Alma-Ata. Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR [available at: http:// www.who.int/hprlarchive/docs/almaata.htrnl].
   Google Scholar
• WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (1998) Report: Life in the 21st Century: A Vision for All [available at: http://www.who.int/whr/1998/ whr-en.htrn].
   Google Scholar