Botulinum toxin treatment of axial and cervical dystonia

References

• Foltz E L, Knopp L M, Ward A A. Experimental spasmodic torticollis. J Neurosurg 1959; 16: 55–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comella C L, Shannon K M, Jaglin J. Extensor truncal dystonia: Successful treatment with botulinum toxin injections. Mov Disord 1998; 13: 552–555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupsch A, Benecke R, Mueller J, et al. Pallidal deep-brain stimulation in primary generalized or segmental dystonia. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1978–1990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui J K, Eisen A, Mak E, Carruthers J, Scott A, Calne D B. A pilot study on the use of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. Can J Neurol Sci 1985; 12: 314–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui J K, Eisen A, Stoesl A J, Calne S, Calne D B. Double-blind study of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. Lancet 1986; 2: 245–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorentz I T, Subramaniam S S, Yiannikas C. Treatment of idiopathic spasmodic torticollis with botulinum toxin A: A double-blind study on 23 patients. Mov Disord 1991; 6: 145–150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackie J D, Lees A J. Botulinum toxin treatment in spasmodic torticollis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990; 53: 640–643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore A P, Blumhardt L D. A double blind trial of botulinum toxin ‘A’ in torticollis, with one-year follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 813–816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson T J, Rivest J, Stell R, et al. Botulinum-toxin treatment of spasmodic torticollis. J R Soc Med 1992; 85: 524–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelb D J, Lowenstein D H, Aminoff M J. Controlled trial of botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Neurology 1989; 39: 80–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankovic J, Schwartz P A. Botulinum toxin injections for cervical dystonia. Neurology 1990; 40: 277–280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler K R, Skutta M, Benecke R. Long-term treatment of cervical dystonia with botulinum toxin A: Efficacy, safety, and antibody frequency. J Neurology 1999; 246: 265–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naumann M, Yakovleff A, Durif F. A randomized, double-masked, crossover comparison of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A produced from the original bulk toxin and current bold toxin source for the treatment of cervical dystonia. J Neurol 2002; 249: 57–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubinsky R M, Grey C S, Vetere-Overfield B, Koller W C. Electromyographic guidance of botulinum toxin treatment in cervical dystonia. Clin Neuropharmacol 1991; 14: 262–267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankovic J, Brin M F. Therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1186–1194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benecke R, Jost W H, Kanovsky M D, Ruzicka A, Comes G, Grafe S. A new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins for treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology 2005; 64: 1949–1951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stell R, Thompson P D, Marsden C D. Botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 920–923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poewe W, Schelosky L, Kleedorfer B, Heinen F, Wagner M, Deuschl G. Treatment of spasmodic torticollis with local injections of botulinum toxin. One-year follow-up in 37 patients. J Neurol 1992; 239: 21–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wissel J, Poewe W. Dystonia – a clinical, neuropathological and therapeutic review. J Neural Transm Suppl 1992; 38: 91–104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lew M F, Adornato B T, Duane D D, et al. Botulinum toxin type B: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, safety and efficacy study in cervical dystonia. Neurology 1997; 49: 701–707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermann E, Dreyer F, Bigalke H. Tetanus toxin blocks the neuroimiscular transmission in vitro like botulinum A toxin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1980; 311: 33–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahn S, Marsden C D, Calne D B. Classification and investigation of dystonia. Movement Disorders 2, C D Marsden, S Fahn. Butterworths, London 1987; 332–358
   Google Scholar
• Greene P, Shale H, Fahn S. Analysis of open-label trials in torsion dystonia using high dosages of anticholinergics and other drugs. Mov Disord 1988; 3: 46–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene P. Baclofen in the treatment of dystonia. Clin Neuropharmacol 1992; 15: 276–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang A E. Dopamine agonists and antagonists in the treatment of idiopathic dystonia. Adv Neurol 1988; 50: 561–570
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lang A E. Surgical treatment of dystonia. Dystonia 3: Advances in Neurology, S Fahn, C D Marsden, M DeLong. Lippincott-Raven Publ, Philadelphia 1998; 185–198
   Google Scholar
• Jankovic J, Orman J. Tetrabenazine therapy of dystonia, chorea, tics, and other dyskinesias. Neurology 1988; 38: 391–394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiel A, Dressler D, Kistel C, Ruther E. Clozapine treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Neurology 1994; 44: 957–958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohara S, Hayashi R, Momoi H, Miki J, Yanagisawa N. Mexiletine in the treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Mov Disord 1998; 13: 934–940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dressler D, Benecke R. Autonomic side effects of botulinum toxin type B treatment of cervical dystonia and hyperhidrosis. Eur Neurol 2003; 49: 34–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dressler D, Benecke R. Pharmakologie der Botulinumtoxine. Nervenheilkunde 2006; 25: 521–526
   Google Scholar
• Bertrand C M. Selective peripheral denervation for spasmodic torticollis: Surgical technique, results, and observations in 260 cases. Surg Neurol 1993; 40: 96–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis D H, Ahlskog J E, Litchy W J, Root L M. Selective peripheral denervation for torticollis: Preliminary results. Mayo Clin Proc 1991; 66: 365–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brin M F, Lew M F, Adler C H, Comella C L, Factor S A, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray J J, Wallace J D, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M. Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervicaldystonia. Neurology Oct 22, 1999; 53(7)1431–1438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun V, Richter H-P. Selective peripheral denervation for the treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Neurosurgery 1994; 35: 58–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford B, Louis E D, Greene P, Fahn S. Outcome of selective ramisectomy for botulinum toxin resistant torticollis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 65: 472–478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuber M, Sebald M, Bathien N, Dercondo J, Rondot P. Botulinum antibodies in dystonic patients treated with type-A botulinum toxin – frequence and significance. Neurology 1993; 43: 1715–1718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene P, Kang U, Fahn S, Brin M, Moskowitz C, Flaster E. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Neurology 1990; 40: 1213–1218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene P, Fahn S, Diamond B. Development of resistance to botulinum toxin type A in patients with torticollis. Mov Disord 1994; 9: 213–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duane C, Clark M, LaPointe L L, Case J L. Botulinum toxin A antibodies in initial and delayed resistance to botulinum toxin A therapy in cervical dystonia. Mov Disord 1995; 10: 394(A82)
   Google Scholar