- BARROWS, H.S. & TAMBLYN, R. (1980) Problem-Based Learning: An Approach to Medical Education (New York, Springer).
- BERKSON, L. (1993) Problem-based learning: have the expectations been met? Academic Medicine, 68(10) Suppl, pp. 579-588.
- BLAKE, J.M. et al. (1996) Validity of Progress Tests and Tutorial Assessment in Predicting Licensing Examination Performance, unpublished paper.
- BLUMBERG, P. & ECKENFELS, E.A. (1988) Comparison of student satisfaction with their preclinical environment in a traditional and a problem-based curriculum, in: Research in Medical Education: Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Annual Conference, pp. 60-65 (Washington, DC, Association of American Medical Colleges).
- BLUMBERG, P. et al. (1990) Roles of student-generated learning issues in problem-based learning, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 2 (3), pp. 149-154.
- BLUMBERG, P. et al. (1994) Analysis of academic problems encountered by medical students, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 6(2), pp. 96-191.
- BLUMBERG, P. et al. (1995) The progress of students who encounter repeated difficulties in a problem-based medical school, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 7(1), pp. 23-28.
- CALVIN, R.B. & WETZEL, M.S. (1989) Pathology in the new pathway of medical education at Harvard Medical School, American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 92(Suppl., October), pp. S23-S30.
- CAME, M.G. & ANDERSON, A.S. (1993) Expert tutors versus non-expert tutors in PBL (letter), Academic Medicine, 68, p. 353.
- COHEN, G. & BLUMBERG, P. (1991) Investigating whether teachers should be given assessments of students made by previous teachers, Academic Medicine, 66, pp. 288-289.
- COHEN, G.S. et al. (1993) Do final grades reflect written qualitative evaluations of student performance, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 5(1), pp. 10-15.
- COLLIER, K.G. (1980) Peer-group learning in higher education: the development of higher order skills, Studies in Higher Education, 5, pp. 55-62.
- COULSON, R.L. (1983) Problem-based student-centered learning of the cardiovascular system using the Problem-Based Learning Module (P.B.L.M.), Physiologist, 26, pp. 220-224.
- DAROZA, D.A. (1993) Commentary on 'Do final grades reflect written qualitative evaluations of student performance?', Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 5(1), pp. 16-17.
- DAWS,W.K. et al. (1992) Effects of expert and non-expert facilitators on the small-group process and on student performance, Academic Medicine, 67, pp. 407-474.
- DAWS, W.K. et al. (1994) Influence of a highly focussed case on the effect of small-group facilitator's content expertise on students' learning and satisfaction, Academic Medicine, 69, pp. 663-669.
- DE GRAVE et al. (1990) Peer teaching and problem-based learning: tutor characteristics, tutor functioning, group functioning and student achievement, in: Z.M. NOOMAN, H.G. SCHMIDT & E.S. EZZAT (Eds) Innovation in Medical Education: An Evaluation of its Present Status, pp. 135-137 (New York, Springer).
- DE VOLDER, M.L. (1982) Discussion groups and their tutors: relationships between tutor characteristics and tutor functioning. Higher Education, 11, pp. 269-271.
- DE VRIES, M. et al. (1989) Dutch comparisons: cognitive and motivational effects of problem-based learning on medical students, in: H.G. SCHMIDT, J.R. LIPKIN, M. DE VRIES & J.M. GREEP (Eds) New Directions for Medical Education: Problem-Based Learning and Community-Oriented Medical Education, pp. 230-238 (New York, Springer-Verlag).
- DESMARCHAIS, J.E. & BLACK, R. (1991) Effect of tutor content expertise on student academic achievement in the Sherbrooke Problem-Based Curriculum, unpublished manuscript, Universite de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
- DESMARCHAIS, J.E. et al. (1992) From traditional to problem-based learning: a case report of complete curriculum reform, Medical Education, 26, pp. 190-199.
- DUEK, J.E. et al. (1996) Learning issues identified by students in tutorless problem-based tutorials, Advances in Health Sciences Education, 1, pp. 29-40.
- EAGLE, C.J. et al. (1992) Effects of tutors with case expertise on problem-based learning issues, Academic Medicine, 67, pp. 465-469.
- FELETTI, G.I. et al. (1982) Medical students' evaluation of tutors in a group-learning curriculum, Medical Education, 16, pp. 319-325.
- GEISSLER, P.R. (1973) Student self-assessment in dental technology, Journal of Dental Technology, 37(9), pp. 19-21.
- GIJSELAERS, W.H. (1997) Effects of contextual factors on tutor behaviour, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 9(2), pp. 116-124.
- GORDON, M.J. (1991) A review of the validity and accuracy of self-assessments in health profession training, Academic Medicine, 66, pp. 762-769.
- GRUPPEN, L.D. et al. (1992) Tutor-led and student-led small groups: no differences in learning?, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, California, April.
- JOHNSON, D.W. et al. (1981) Effects of cooperative, competitive and individualistic goal structures on achievement: a meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 89(1), pp. 47-62.
- KNOWLES, M. (1975) Self-directed Learning. Guide for Learners and Teachers (Toronto, Prentice Hall, Canada).
- MICHAELS, J.W. (1977) Classroom reward structures and academic performance, Review of Educational Research, 47, pp. 87-98.
- MOUST, J.H.C. & SCHMIDT, H.G. (1992) undergraduate students as tutors: are they as effective as faculty in conducting small-group tutorials?, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, California, April.
- MOUST, J.H.C. et al. (1989) Peer teaching and higher level cognitive outcomes in problem-based learning, Higher Education, 18, pp. 737-742.
- NEAME, R.L.B. & POWIS, D.A. (1981) Toward independent learning: curricular design for assisting students to learn how to learn, Journal of Medical Education, 56, pp. 886-893.
- NEEDHAM, D. & BEGG, I. (1991) Problem-oriented training promotes spontaneous analogical transfer: memory-oriented training promotes memory for training, Memory and Cognition, 19, pp. 543-557.
- NEUFELD, V.R. & BARROWS, H.S. (1974) The 'McMaster Philosophy': an approach to medical education, Journal of Medical Education, 49, pp. 1040-1050.
- SCHMIDT, H. et al. (1989) Explanatory models in the processing of science text: the role of prior knowledge activation through small-group discussion, Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, pp. 610-619.
- SCHMIDT, H.G. et al. (1993) Influence of tutors' subject-matter expertise on student effort and achievement in problem-based learning, Academic Medicine, 68, pp. 784-791.
- SCHMIDT, H.G. (1977) Niet-medicials tutor: maakt het een vershil? (Non-medical staff as tutors: does it make a difference?), internal report, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- SCHMIDT, H.G. (1983) Problem-based learning: rationale and description, Medical Education, 17, pp. 11-16.
- SCHMIDT, H.G. (1989) Resolving inconsistencies in tutor expertise research: does lack of structure cause students to seek tutor guidance, Academic Medicine, 69, pp. 656-662.
- SHOPE, T.R. (1989) Student-initiated analysis and change of a medical school curriculum, Academic Medicine, 64, pp. 330-301.
- SILVER, M. & WILKERSON, L. (1991) Effects of tutors with subject expertise on the problem-based tutorial process, Academic Medicine, 66, pp. 298-300.
- SPAULDING, W.B. (1991) Revitalising Medical Education. McMaster Medical School. The Early Years 1965-1974 (Hamilton, B.C. Becket).
- SWANSON, D.B. et al. (1990) Effect of tutor characteristics on test performance of students in a problem-based curriculum, in: W. BENDER, R.J. HIEMSTRA, A. J. J. A. SCHERPBIER & R. P. ZWIERSTRA (Eds) Teaching and Assessing Clinical Competence., pp. 129-134 (Groningen, The Netherlands, BoekWerk Publications).
- SZEKELY, L. (1950) Productive processes in learning and thinking, Acta Psychiatrica, 7, pp. 388-407.
- THOMAS, R.E. (1992) Teaching medicine with cases: student and teacher opinion, Medical Education, 26, pp. 220-297.
- VAN DER VLEUTEN, C. & VERWIJNEN, M. (1990) A system for student assessment, in: C. VAN DERVLEUTEN & M. VERWIJNEN (Eds) Problem-Based Learning: Perspectives from the Maastricht Approach (Amsterdam, Thesis-publ.).
- WALTON, H.J. & MATTHEWS, M.B. (1989) Essentials of problem-based learning, Medical Education, 23, pp. 542-558.
- WEBB, N.M. (1982) Student interaction and learning in small groups, Review of Educational Research, 52(3), pp. 421-445.
- WILKERSON, L. et al. (1991) A case study of student-directed discussion in four problem-based tutorial groups. In research in medical feducation, Academic Medicine, 66(Suppl., September), pp. S79-S81.
- WILKERSON, L. (1992) Identification of skills for the problem-based tutor: student and faculty perspectives, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. San Francisco, California, April.
- WOODWARD, C.A. & PERRIER, B.M. (1982) Perspectives of graduates two or five years after graduation from a three-year medical school, Journal of Medical Education, 57, pp. 294-302.
- ZEITZ, H.J. & PAUL, H. (1993) Facilitator expertise and problem-based learning in pbl and traditional curricula (letter), Academic Medicine, 68, pp. 203-204.
The problem-based learning tutor: Teacher? Facilitator? Evaluator?
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.