1,218
Views
76
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The problem-based learning tutor: Teacher? Facilitator? Evaluator?

Pages 393-401 | Published online: 03 Jul 2009

  • BARROWS, H.S. & TAMBLYN, R. (1980) Problem-Based Learning: An Approach to Medical Education (New York, Springer).
  • BERKSON, L. (1993) Problem-based learning: have the expectations been met? Academic Medicine, 68(10) Suppl, pp. 579-588.
  • BLAKE, J.M. et al. (1996) Validity of Progress Tests and Tutorial Assessment in Predicting Licensing Examination Performance, unpublished paper.
  • BLUMBERG, P. & ECKENFELS, E.A. (1988) Comparison of student satisfaction with their preclinical environment in a traditional and a problem-based curriculum, in: Research in Medical Education: Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Annual Conference, pp. 60-65 (Washington, DC, Association of American Medical Colleges).
  • BLUMBERG, P. et al. (1990) Roles of student-generated learning issues in problem-based learning, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 2 (3), pp. 149-154.
  • BLUMBERG, P. et al. (1994) Analysis of academic problems encountered by medical students, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 6(2), pp. 96-191.
  • BLUMBERG, P. et al. (1995) The progress of students who encounter repeated difficulties in a problem-based medical school, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 7(1), pp. 23-28.
  • CALVIN, R.B. & WETZEL, M.S. (1989) Pathology in the new pathway of medical education at Harvard Medical School, American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 92(Suppl., October), pp. S23-S30.
  • CAME, M.G. & ANDERSON, A.S. (1993) Expert tutors versus non-expert tutors in PBL (letter), Academic Medicine, 68, p. 353.
  • COHEN, G. & BLUMBERG, P. (1991) Investigating whether teachers should be given assessments of students made by previous teachers, Academic Medicine, 66, pp. 288-289.
  • COHEN, G.S. et al. (1993) Do final grades reflect written qualitative evaluations of student performance, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 5(1), pp. 10-15.
  • COLLIER, K.G. (1980) Peer-group learning in higher education: the development of higher order skills, Studies in Higher Education, 5, pp. 55-62.
  • COULSON, R.L. (1983) Problem-based student-centered learning of the cardiovascular system using the Problem-Based Learning Module (P.B.L.M.), Physiologist, 26, pp. 220-224.
  • DAROZA, D.A. (1993) Commentary on 'Do final grades reflect written qualitative evaluations of student performance?', Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 5(1), pp. 16-17.
  • DAWS,W.K. et al. (1992) Effects of expert and non-expert facilitators on the small-group process and on student performance, Academic Medicine, 67, pp. 407-474.
  • DAWS, W.K. et al. (1994) Influence of a highly focussed case on the effect of small-group facilitator's content expertise on students' learning and satisfaction, Academic Medicine, 69, pp. 663-669.
  • DE GRAVE et al. (1990) Peer teaching and problem-based learning: tutor characteristics, tutor functioning, group functioning and student achievement, in: Z.M. NOOMAN, H.G. SCHMIDT & E.S. EZZAT (Eds) Innovation in Medical Education: An Evaluation of its Present Status, pp. 135-137 (New York, Springer).
  • DE VOLDER, M.L. (1982) Discussion groups and their tutors: relationships between tutor characteristics and tutor functioning. Higher Education, 11, pp. 269-271.
  • DE VRIES, M. et al. (1989) Dutch comparisons: cognitive and motivational effects of problem-based learning on medical students, in: H.G. SCHMIDT, J.R. LIPKIN, M. DE VRIES & J.M. GREEP (Eds) New Directions for Medical Education: Problem-Based Learning and Community-Oriented Medical Education, pp. 230-238 (New York, Springer-Verlag).
  • DESMARCHAIS, J.E. & BLACK, R. (1991) Effect of tutor content expertise on student academic achievement in the Sherbrooke Problem-Based Curriculum, unpublished manuscript, Universite de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
  • DESMARCHAIS, J.E. et al. (1992) From traditional to problem-based learning: a case report of complete curriculum reform, Medical Education, 26, pp. 190-199.
  • DUEK, J.E. et al. (1996) Learning issues identified by students in tutorless problem-based tutorials, Advances in Health Sciences Education, 1, pp. 29-40.
  • EAGLE, C.J. et al. (1992) Effects of tutors with case expertise on problem-based learning issues, Academic Medicine, 67, pp. 465-469.
  • FELETTI, G.I. et al. (1982) Medical students' evaluation of tutors in a group-learning curriculum, Medical Education, 16, pp. 319-325.
  • GEISSLER, P.R. (1973) Student self-assessment in dental technology, Journal of Dental Technology, 37(9), pp. 19-21.
  • GIJSELAERS, W.H. (1997) Effects of contextual factors on tutor behaviour, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 9(2), pp. 116-124.
  • GORDON, M.J. (1991) A review of the validity and accuracy of self-assessments in health profession training, Academic Medicine, 66, pp. 762-769.
  • GRUPPEN, L.D. et al. (1992) Tutor-led and student-led small groups: no differences in learning?, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, California, April.
  • JOHNSON, D.W. et al. (1981) Effects of cooperative, competitive and individualistic goal structures on achievement: a meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 89(1), pp. 47-62.
  • KNOWLES, M. (1975) Self-directed Learning. Guide for Learners and Teachers (Toronto, Prentice Hall, Canada).
  • MICHAELS, J.W. (1977) Classroom reward structures and academic performance, Review of Educational Research, 47, pp. 87-98.
  • MOUST, J.H.C. & SCHMIDT, H.G. (1992) undergraduate students as tutors: are they as effective as faculty in conducting small-group tutorials?, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, California, April.
  • MOUST, J.H.C. et al. (1989) Peer teaching and higher level cognitive outcomes in problem-based learning, Higher Education, 18, pp. 737-742.
  • NEAME, R.L.B. & POWIS, D.A. (1981) Toward independent learning: curricular design for assisting students to learn how to learn, Journal of Medical Education, 56, pp. 886-893.
  • NEEDHAM, D. & BEGG, I. (1991) Problem-oriented training promotes spontaneous analogical transfer: memory-oriented training promotes memory for training, Memory and Cognition, 19, pp. 543-557.
  • NEUFELD, V.R. & BARROWS, H.S. (1974) The 'McMaster Philosophy': an approach to medical education, Journal of Medical Education, 49, pp. 1040-1050.
  • SCHMIDT, H. et al. (1989) Explanatory models in the processing of science text: the role of prior knowledge activation through small-group discussion, Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, pp. 610-619.
  • SCHMIDT, H.G. et al. (1993) Influence of tutors' subject-matter expertise on student effort and achievement in problem-based learning, Academic Medicine, 68, pp. 784-791.
  • SCHMIDT, H.G. (1977) Niet-medicials tutor: maakt het een vershil? (Non-medical staff as tutors: does it make a difference?), internal report, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
  • SCHMIDT, H.G. (1983) Problem-based learning: rationale and description, Medical Education, 17, pp. 11-16.
  • SCHMIDT, H.G. (1989) Resolving inconsistencies in tutor expertise research: does lack of structure cause students to seek tutor guidance, Academic Medicine, 69, pp. 656-662.
  • SHOPE, T.R. (1989) Student-initiated analysis and change of a medical school curriculum, Academic Medicine, 64, pp. 330-301.
  • SILVER, M. & WILKERSON, L. (1991) Effects of tutors with subject expertise on the problem-based tutorial process, Academic Medicine, 66, pp. 298-300.
  • SPAULDING, W.B. (1991) Revitalising Medical Education. McMaster Medical School. The Early Years 1965-1974 (Hamilton, B.C. Becket).
  • SWANSON, D.B. et al. (1990) Effect of tutor characteristics on test performance of students in a problem-based curriculum, in: W. BENDER, R.J. HIEMSTRA, A. J. J. A. SCHERPBIER & R. P. ZWIERSTRA (Eds) Teaching and Assessing Clinical Competence., pp. 129-134 (Groningen, The Netherlands, BoekWerk Publications).
  • SZEKELY, L. (1950) Productive processes in learning and thinking, Acta Psychiatrica, 7, pp. 388-407.
  • THOMAS, R.E. (1992) Teaching medicine with cases: student and teacher opinion, Medical Education, 26, pp. 220-297.
  • VAN DER VLEUTEN, C. & VERWIJNEN, M. (1990) A system for student assessment, in: C. VAN DERVLEUTEN & M. VERWIJNEN (Eds) Problem-Based Learning: Perspectives from the Maastricht Approach (Amsterdam, Thesis-publ.).
  • WALTON, H.J. & MATTHEWS, M.B. (1989) Essentials of problem-based learning, Medical Education, 23, pp. 542-558.
  • WEBB, N.M. (1982) Student interaction and learning in small groups, Review of Educational Research, 52(3), pp. 421-445.
  • WILKERSON, L. et al. (1991) A case study of student-directed discussion in four problem-based tutorial groups. In research in medical feducation, Academic Medicine, 66(Suppl., September), pp. S79-S81.
  • WILKERSON, L. (1992) Identification of skills for the problem-based tutor: student and faculty perspectives, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. San Francisco, California, April.
  • WOODWARD, C.A. & PERRIER, B.M. (1982) Perspectives of graduates two or five years after graduation from a three-year medical school, Journal of Medical Education, 57, pp. 294-302.
  • ZEITZ, H.J. & PAUL, H. (1993) Facilitator expertise and problem-based learning in pbl and traditional curricula (letter), Academic Medicine, 68, pp. 203-204.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.