Twelve tips for using clinical cases to teach medical ethics

References

• Albanese M, Mitchell S. 1993. Problem-based learning: a review of literature on its outcomes and implementation issues. Acad Med. 68: 52–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfandre D, Rhodes R. 2009. Improving ethics education during residency training. Med Teach. 31:513–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alyousefi N, Jarallah J, Alrowais N. 2016. Case-based teaching of ethics: ethical challenges raised by undergraduate medical students during a bioethics course. Creat Educ. 7:86–92.
   Google Scholar
• Arras JD. 1991. Getting down to cases: the revival of casuistry in bioethics. J Med Philos. 16:29–‐51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azer SA, Peterson R, Guerrero APS, Eegren G. 2012. Twelve tips for constructing problem-based learning cases. Med Teach. 34:361–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BMA. 2017. Ethics. [accessed 2017 Oct 4]. https://www.bma.org.uk/advice/employment/ethics.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell AV, Chin J, Voo TC. 2007. How can we know that ethics education produces ethical doctors? Med Teach. 29:431–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrese JA, McDonald EL, Moon M, Taylor HA, Khaira K, Beach MC, Hughes MT. 2011. Everyday ethics in internal medicine resident clinic: an opportunity to teach. Med Educ. 45:712–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colliver JA. 2000. Effectiveness of problem-based learning curricula: research and theory. Acad Med. 75:259–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer C. 2017. Law, ethics, and emotion: the Charlie Gard case. BMJ. 358:j3152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eckles RE, Meslin EM, Gaffney M, Helft PR. 2005. Medical ethics education: where are we? where should we be going? A review. Acad Med. 80:1143–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enck G. 2014. Six-step framework for ethical decision making. J Health Serv Res Policy. 19:62–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasser C, McGuire A, Erdman K, Nadalo D, Scott S, Waters V. 2007. The ethics workup: a case-based approach to ethical decision-making instruction. JPAE. 18:34–41.
   Google Scholar
• Gillon R. 1996. Thinking about a medical school core curriculum for medical ethics and law. J Med Ethics. 22:323–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldie J. 2000. Review of ethics curricula in undergraduate medical education. Med Educ. 34:108–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldie J, Schwartz L, McConnachie A, Morrison J. 2001. Impact of a new course on students’ potential behaviour on encountering ethical dilemmas. Med Educ. 35:295–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldie J, Schwartz L, McConnachie A, Morrison J. 2002. The impact of three years’ ethics teaching, in an integrated medical curriculum, on students’ proposed behavior on meeting ethical dilemmas. Med Educ. 36:489–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe KR. 1987. Medical students’ evaluations of different levels of medical ethics teaching: implications for curricula. Med Educ. 21:340–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsen AR, Siegler M, Winslade WJ. 2015. Clinical ethics: a practical approach to ethical decisions in clinical medicine. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Kaldjian LC, Weir RF, Duffy TP. 2005. A clinician’s approach to clinical ethical reasoning. J Gen Intern Med. 20:306–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschner PA, Sweller J, Clark RE. 2006. Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: an analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching. Educ Psychol. 41:75–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kon AA. 2006. Resident-generated versus instructor-generated cases in ethics and professionalism training. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 1:10.
   Google Scholar
• Krupat E, Sprague JM, Wolpaw D, Haidet P, Hatem D, O’Brien B. 2011. Thinking critically about critical thinking: ability, disposition or both? Med Educ. 45:625–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson H. 2008. The need for medical ethics education in family medicine training. Fam Med. 40:658–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzel DC. 2009. Teaching and learning ethical reasoning with cases. Public Integrity. 11:239–250.
   Google Scholar
• Miflin BM, Campbell CB, Price DA. 2000. A conceptual framework to guide the development of self-directed, lifelong learning in problem-based medical curricula. Med Educ. 34:299–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles SH, Lane LW, Bickel J, Walker RM, Cassel CK. 1989. Medical ethics education: coming of age. Acad Med. 64:705–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell K, Myser C, Kerridge I. 1993. Assessing the clinical ethical competence of undergraduate medical students. J Med Ethics. 19:230–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myser C, Kerridge IH, Mitchell KR. 1995. Teaching clinical ethics as a professional skill: bridging the gap between knowledge about ethics and its use in clinical practice. J Med Ethics. 21:97–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Self DJ, Olivarez M. 1996. Retention of moral reasoning skills over the four years of medical education. Teach Learn Med. 8:195–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Self DJ, Olivarez M, Baldwin DC. 1998. The amount of small-group case-study discussion needed to improve moral reasoning skills of medical students. Acad Med. 73:521–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Self DJ, Wolinsky FD, Balkwin DC. 1989. The effect of teaching medical ethics on medical students’ moral reasoning. Acad Med. 64:755–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shatzer JH. 1998. Instructional methods. Acad Med. 73:S38–S45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer R, Dong H, Cong Y, Wan J, Chen H, Wang Y, Ma Z, Cooper B, Jiang I, Roth H, et al. 2017. Medical ethics education in China: lessons from three schools. Educ Health (Abingdon). 30:35–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegler M. 1978. A legacy of Osler. Teaching clinical ethics at the bedside. JAMA. 239:951–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegler M. 2002. Training doctors for professionalism: some lessons from teaching clinical medical ethics. Mt Sinai J Med. 69:404–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder L. 2012. American College of Physicians Ethics Manual: sixth edition. Ann Intern Med. 156:73–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinert Y. 1996. Twelve tips for effective small-group teaching in the health professions. Med Teach. 18:203–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolchin B, Willey JZ, Prager K. 2015. Education research: a case-based bioethics curriculum for neurology residents. Neurology. 84:e91–e93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai TC, Harasym PH, Coderre S, McLaughlin K, Donnon T. 2009. Assessing ethical problem solving by reasoning rather than decision making. Med Educ. 43:1188–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tysinger JW, Klonis LK, Sadler JZ, Wagner JM. 1997. Teaching ethics using small-group, problem-based learning. J Med Ethics. 23:315–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker RM, Lane LW, Siegler M. 1989. Development of a teaching program in clinical medical ethics at the University of Chicago. Acad Med. 64:723–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar