Torrefaction of Bambara Groundnut Shell: experimental optimization and prediction of the energy conversion efficiency using statistical and machine learning approaches

References

• Ab Karim Ghani, Wan Azlina Wan, and Azil Bahari. 2013. “Sustainable Power Generation Through Co-Combustion of Agricultural Residues with Coal in Existing Coal Power Plant.” New Developments in Renewable Energy, InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/52566.
   Google Scholar
• Adeleke, A. A., J. Odusote, D. Dayanand, O. A. Lasode, and M. Malathi. 2019. “Influence of Torrefaction on Lignocellulosic Woody Biomass of Nigerian Origin.” Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 54: 274–285.
   Google Scholar
• Aparecida, Carla De O Castro, Rafael T Resende, Kacilda N Kuki, Vinícius Q Carneiro, Gustavo E Marcatti, Cosme Damião, and Sérgio Y Motoike. 2017. “Industrial Crops & Products High-Performance Prediction of Macauba Fruit Biomass for Agricultural and Industrial Purposes Using Arti Fi Cial Neural Networks.” Industrial Crops & Products 108 (July): 806–813. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.07.031.
   Google Scholar
• Bach, Quang-Vu, Øyvind Skreiberg, and Chul-Jin Lee. 2017. “Process Modeling and Optimization for Torrefaction of Forest Residues.” Energy 138 (November): 348–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.07.040.
   Google Scholar
• Bajcar, Marcin, Grzegorz Zaguła, Bogdan Saletnik, Maria Tarapatskyy, and Czesław Puchalski. 2018. “Relationship Between Torrefaction Parameters and Physicochemical Properties of Torrefied Products Obtained from Selected Plant Biomass.” Energies 11 (11): 2919. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11112919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunton, S. L., and J. N. Kutz. 2022. Data-Driven Science and Engineering: Machine Learning, Dynamical Systems, and Control. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107514.2019.1665103.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Wei-Hsin, Ria Aniza, Arjay A. Arpia, Hsiu-Ju Lo, Anh Tuan Hoang, Vahabodin Goodarzi, and Jianbing Gao. 2022. “A Comparative Analysis of Biomass Torrefaction Severity Index Prediction from Machine Learning.” Applied Energy 324 (October): 119689. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119689.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Wei-Hsin, Bo-Jhih Lin, Yu-Ying Lin, Yen-Shih Chu, Aristotle T. Ubando, Pau Loke Show, Hwai Chyuan Ong, et al. 2021. “Progress in Biomass Torrefaction: Principles, Applications and Challenges.” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 82 (January): 100887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2020.100887.
   Google Scholar
• Dyer, Andrew C., Mohamad A. Nahil, and Paul T. Williams. 2021. “Catalytic Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Waste Plastics as a Route to Upgraded Bio-Oil.” Journal of the Energy Institute 97 (August): 27–36. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2021.03.022.
   Google Scholar
• Estiati, Idoia, Fábio B. Freire, José T. Freire, Roberto Aguado, and Martin Olazar. 2016. “Fitting Performance of Artificial Neural Networks and Empirical Correlations to Estimate Higher Heating Values of Biomass.” Fuel 180 (September): 377–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.051.
   Google Scholar
• Folorunsho, Adepoju Tunde, and Eyibiouduak Promise. 2016. “Study on Oil Extraction from Citrullus Lanatus (C. Lanatus) Oilseed and Its Statistical Analysis: A Case of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN).” Chemistry Research Journal 1 (5): 28–36.
   Google Scholar
• Gopal, Phani, Geeta Nadimpalli, Ruprekha Saikia, Hima Sankari, Raval Ratnam, Nirmali Gogoi, Ankit Garg, Poly Buragohain, and Rupam Kataki. 2019. “Optimization of Pyrolyzer Design to Produce Maximum Bio-Oil from Saccharum Ravannae L.: An Integrated Approach Using Experimental Data and Artificial Intelligence.” Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 9 (4): 727–736. Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00397-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guedes, Raquel Escrivani, Aderval S. Luna, and Alexandre Rodrigues Torres. 2018. “Operating Parameters for Bio-Oil Production in Biomass Pyrolysis: A Review.” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 129 (January): 134–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.11.019.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, Shubhi, Pushpraj Patel, and Prasenjit Mondal. 2022. “Biofuels Production from Pine Needles via Pyrolysis: Process Parameters Modeling and Optimization Through Combined RSM and ANN Based Approach.” Fuel 310 (February): 122230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122230.
   Google Scholar
• He, Yajing, Shihong Zhang, Dongjing Liu, Xing Xie, and Bin Li. 2023. “Effect of Biomass Particle Size on the Torrefaction Characteristics in a Fixed-Bed Reactor.” Energies 16 (3): 1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IEO, International Energy Outlook. 2016. “No Title.” http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/pdf/0484(2016).pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kanwal, Sumaira, Nawaz Chaudhry, Shahid Munir, and Hafiza Sana. 2019. “Effect of Torrefaction Conditions on the Physicochemical Characterization of Agricultural Waste (Sugarcane Bagasse).” Waste Management 88 (April): 280–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.053.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kareem, Buliaminu, Kamoru O. Oladosu, Abass O. Alade, and Mondiu O. Durowoju. 2018. “Optimization of Combustion Characteristics of Palm Kernel-Based Biofuel for Grate Furnace.” International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering 9 (4): 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-018-0277-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasapoglu Çalik, Meltem, Ebubekir Sıddık Aydin, and Özgün Yucel. 2020. “Prediction of Proximate Analysis and Process Temperature of Torrefied and Pyrolyzed Wood Pellets by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Machine Learning.” Mugla Journal of Science and Technology 6 (2): 99–110. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi. https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.785974.
   Google Scholar
• Kethobile, Elias, Clever Ketlogetswe, and Jerekias Gandure. 2020. “Torrefaction of Non - Oil Jatropha Curcas L. (Jatropha) Biomass for Solid Fuel.” Heliyon 6 (12): e05657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, Mahmudul Hasan Md Mahmudul Hasan, Mohd Y. Rafii, Shairul Izan Ramlee, Mashitah Jusoh, and Md Al-Mamun. 2021. “Bambara Groundnut (Vigna Subterranea L. Verdc): A Crop for the New Millennium, Its Genetic Diversity, and Improvements to Mitigate Future Food and Nutritional Challenges.” Sustainability 13 (10): 5530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishinevsky, B. D., M. Zur, Y. Friedman, G. Meromi, E. Ben-Moshe, and Chaya Nemas. 1996. “Variation in Nitrogen Fixation and Yield in Landraces of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna Subterranea L.).” Field Crops Research 48 (1): 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(96)00037-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kongto, Pumin, Arkom Palamanit, Sumate Chaiprapat, and Nakorn Tippayawong. 2021. “Enhancing the Fuel Properties of Rubberwood Biomass by Moving Bed Torrefaction Process for Further Applications.” Renewable Energy 170 (June): 703–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.012.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Xuemei, Shanghui Wang, Yanqing Li, Xiaoke Jin, Leilei Ma, Wei Tian, and Chengyan Zhu. 2023. “Evaluation Model of Fabric Transient Cooling Sensation Based on Multiple Stepwise Regression Analysis.” Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 18 (January): 155892502211440. https://doi.org/10.1177/15589250221144014.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Bin, Lijun Zhao, Xing Xie, Dan Lin, Huibin Xu, Shuang Wang, Zhixiang Xu, Shu Zhang, Xun Hu, and Dongjing Liu. 2021. “Volatile-Char Interactions During Biomass Pyrolysis: Effect of Char Preparation Temperature.” Energy 215 (January): 119189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119189.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, Bo-Jhih, Edgar A. Silveira, Baptiste Colin, Wei-Hsin Chen, Anélie Pétrissans, Patrick Rousset, and Mathieu Pétrissans. 2019. “Prediction of Higher Heating Values (HHVs) and Energy Yield During Torrefaction via Kinetics.” Energy Procedia 158 (February): 111–116. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.054.
   Google Scholar
• Lo, Shirleen Lee Yuen, Bing Shen How, Wei Dong Leong, Sin Yong Teng, Muhammad Akbar Rhamdhani, and Jaka Sunarso. 2021. “Techno-Economic Analysis for Biomass Supply Chain: A State-of-the-Art Review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 135: 110164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macedo, Lucélia A., Edgar A. Silveira, Patrick Rousset, Jérémy Valette, and Jean-Michel Commandré. 2022. “Synergistic Effect of Biomass Potassium Content and Oxidative Atmosphere: Impact on Torrefaction Severity and Released Condensables.” Energy 254 (September): 124472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.124472.
   Google Scholar
• McNamee, P., P. W. R. Adams, M. C. McManus, B. Dooley, L. I. Darvell, A. Williams, and J. M. Jones. 2016. “An Assessment of the Torrefaction of North American Pine and Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Energy Conversion and Management 113 (April): 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.01.006.
   Google Scholar
• Mishra, Ranjeet Kumar, and Kaustubha Mohanty. 2020. “Effect of Low-Cost Catalysts on Yield and Properties of Fuel from Waste Biomass for Hydrocarbon-Rich Oil Production.” Materials Science for Energy Technologies 3: 526–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2020.05.007.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammed, Isah Yakub, Yousif Abdalla Abakr, Mukhtar Musa, Suzana Yusup, Ajit Singh, and Feroz Kabir Kazi. 2016. “Valorization of Bambara Groundnut Shell via Intermediate Pyrolysis: Products Distribution and Characterization.” Journal of Cleaner Production 139 (December): 717–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.090.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammed, Isah Yakub, Yousif Abdalla Abakr, Jershen Nga Xing Hui, Peter Adeniyi Alaba, Kenobi Isima Morris, and Mustapha Danladi Ibrahim. 2017. “Recovery of Clean Energy Precursors from Bambara Groundnut Waste via Pyrolysis: Kinetics, Products Distribution and Optimisation Using Response Surface Methodology.” Journal of Cleaner Production 164 (October): 1430–1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.068.
   Google Scholar
• Musa, Mukhtar, Festo Massawe, Sean Mayes, Ibraheem Alshareef, and Ajit Singh. 2016. “Nitrogen Fixation and N-Balance Studies on Bambara Groundnut (Vigna Subterranea L. Verdc) Landraces Grown on Tropical Acidic Soils of Malaysia.” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis (January): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1141928.
   Google Scholar
• Nieto, P.J. García, E. García–Gonzalo, F. Sánchez Lasheras, J.P. Paredes–Sánchez, and P. Riesgo Fernández. 2019. “Forecast of the Higher Heating Value in Biomass Torrefaction by Means of Machine Learning Techniques.” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 357 (September): 284–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2019.03.009.
   Google Scholar
• Oladosu, Kamoru O., Tesleem B. Asafa, Abass O. Alade, and Mutiu F. Erinosho. 2021. “Artificial Neural Network Prediction of CO Emission and Ash Yield from Co-Combustion of Empty Fruit Bunch, Palm Kernel Shell and Kaolin.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28 (31): 42596–42608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13783-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oladosu, Kamoru, Ayodeji Olawore, Abass Alade, and Maruf Kolawole. 2022. “Optimization of Hhv and Energy Yield from Torrefaction of Albizia Zygia Wood- Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Catalyst Blends Using Optimal Combined Design.” Acta Periodica Technologica (53): 109–122. https://doi.org/10.2298/APT2253109O.
   Google Scholar
• Onsree, Thossaporn, and Nakorn Tippayawong. 2021. “Machine Learning Application to Predict Yields of Solid Products from Biomass Torrefaction.” Renewable Energy 167 (April): 425–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.099.
   Google Scholar
• Oyebode, Waliyu Adedeji, and Helen Olayinka Ogunsuyi. 2021. “Impact of Torrefaction Process Temperature on the Energy Content and Chemical Composition of Stool Tree (Alstonia Congenisis Engl) Woody Biomass.” Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 4: 100115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2021.100115.
   Google Scholar
• Ozonoh, M., B. O. Oboirien, and M. O. Daramola. 2020. “Optimization of Process Variables During Torrefaction of Coal/Biomass/Waste Tyre Blends: Application of Artificial Neural Network & Response Surface Methodology.” Biomass and Bioenergy 143 (December): 105808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105808.
   Google Scholar
• Park, Jo Yong, Jae-Kon Kim, Chang-Ho Oh, Jong-Wook Park, and Eilhann E. Kwon. 2019. “Production of Bio-Oil from Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Using a Pilot-Scale Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor and Its Characterization.” Journal of Environmental Management 234: 138–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathy, Abhijeet, Saswat Meher, and P. Balasubramanian. 2020. “Predicting Algal Biochar Yield Using EXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) Algorithm of Machine Learning Methods.” Algal Research 50 (September): 102006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.102006.
   Google Scholar
• Serrone, Giulia Del, and Laura Moretti. 2023. “A Stepwise Regression to Identify Relevant Variables Affecting the Environmental Impacts of Clinker Production.” Journal of Cleaner Production 398 (April): 136564. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136564.
   Google Scholar
• Siddiqui, M. T. H., Sabzoi Nizamuddin, N. M. Mubarak, Khaula Shirin, Muhammad Aijaz, Munir Hussain, and Humair Ahmed Baloch. 2019. “Characterization and Process Optimization of Biochar Produced Using Novel Biomass, Waste Pomegranate Peel: A Response Surface Methodology Approach.” Waste and Biomass Valorization 10 (3): 521–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0091-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, Satyansh, Jyoti Prasad Chakraborty, and Monoj Kumar Mondal. 2019. “Optimization of Process Parameters for Torrefaction of Acacia Nilotica Using Response Surface Methodology and Characteristics of Torrefied Biomass as Upgraded Fuel.” Energy 186 (November): 115865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.115865.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, Xin Lin, Susan Azam-Ali, Ee Von Goh, Maysoun Mustafa, Hui Hui Chai, Wai Kuan Ho, Sean Mayes, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Sayed Azam-Ali, and Festo Massawe. 2020. “Bambara Groundnut: An Underutilized Leguminous Crop for Global Food Security and Nutrition.” Frontiers in Nutrition 7 (December), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.601496.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thengane, Sonal K., Kevin S. Kung, Alberto Gomez-Barea, and Ahmed F. Ghoniem. 2022. “Advances in Biomass Torrefaction: Parameters, Models, Reactors, Applications, Deployment, and Market.” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 93 (November): 101040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101040.
   Google Scholar
• Trubetskaya, Anna. 2022. “Reactivity Effects of Inorganic Content in Biomass Gasification: A Review.” Energies 15 (9): 3137. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trubetskaya, Anna, Jacek Grams, James J. Leahy, Robert Johnson, Paul Gallagher, Rory F.D. Monaghan, and Marzena Kwapinska. 2020. “The Effect of Particle Size, Temperature and Residence Time on the Yields and Reactivity of Olive Stones from Torrefaction.” Renewable Energy 160 (November): 998–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.06.136.
   Google Scholar
• Tumuluru, Jaya Shankar, Bahman Ghiasi, Nick R. Soelberg, and Shahab Sokhansanj. 2021. “Biomass Torrefaction Process, Product Properties, Reactor Types, and Moving Bed Reactor Design Concepts.” Frontiers in Energy Research 9 (September), https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.728140.
   Google Scholar
• USCB, United States Census Bureau. 2021. “International Database (IDB).” https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/worldpopgraph.php.
   Google Scholar
• Vani, Sankar, Rajeev Kumar Sukumaran, and Sivaraman Savithri. 2015. “Prediction of Sugar Yields During Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Artificial Neural Network Modeling.” Bioresource Technology 188 (July): 128–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.083.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, Gang, Bin Fan, Huan Chen, and Yanli Li. 2020. “Understanding the Pyrolysis Behavior of Agriculture, Forest and Aquatic Biomass: Products Distribution and Characterization.” Journal of the Energy Institute 93 (5): 1892–1900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2020.04.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Ziliang, C. Jim Lim, John R. Grace, Hui Li, and Maria Regina Parise. 2017. “Effects of Temperature and Particle Size on Biomass Torrefaction in a Slot-Rectangular Spouted Bed Reactor.” Bioresource Technology 244 (2): 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.097.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, Congwei, Jianghong Peng, Hui Li, Xiaotao T. Bi, Robert Legros, C. J. Lim, and Shahab Sokhansanj. 2013. “Oxidative Torrefaction of Biomass Residues and Densification of Torrefied Sawdust to Pellets.” Bioresource Technology 127 (January): 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.092.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wannapeera, Janewit, Bundit Fungtammasan, and Nakorn Worasuwannarak. 2011. “Effects of Temperature and Holding Time During Torrefaction on the Pyrolysis Behaviors of Woody Biomass.” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 92 (1): 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.04.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang, Hongzhong, Jianfei Yang, Zixing Feng, Wanhe Hu, Fang Liang, Liangmeng Ni, Qi Gao, and Zhijia Liu. 2019. “Investigation of the Cofiring Process of Raw or Torrefied Bamboo and Masson Pine by Using a Cone Calorimeter.” ACS Omega 4 (21): 19246–19254. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b02593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaka, Havva, Mert Akin Insel, Ozgun Yucel, and Hasan Sadikoglu. 2022. “A Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Estimation of Higher Heating Values of Biomass and Fossil Fuels from Ultimate Analysis.” Fuel 320 (July): 123971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123971.
   Google Scholar
• Yi, Yingqi, Siliang Liu, Yongjun Zhang, Ying Xue, Wenyang Deng, and Qinghao Li. 2023. “Phase Identification of Low-Voltage Distribution Network Based on Stepwise Regression Method.” Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 11 (4): 1224–1234. https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2022.000655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Congyu, Shih-Hsin Ho, Wei-Hsin Chen, Yujie Fu, Jo-Shu Chang, and Xiaotao Bi. 2019. “Oxidative Torrefaction of Biomass Nutshells: Evaluations of Energy Efficiency as Well as Biochar Transportation and Storage.” Applied Energy 235 (February): 428–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.090.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Congyu, Wu Yang, Wei Hsin Chen, Shih Hsin Ho, Anelie Pétrissans, and Mathieu Pétrissans. 2022. “Effect of Torrefaction on the Structure and Reactivity of Rice Straw as Well as Life Cycle Assessment of Torrefaction Process.” Energy 240 (February): 122470. Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122470.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, Yunwu, Lei Tao, Xiaoyin Yang, Yuanbo Huang, Can Liu, Jiyou Gu, and Zhifeng Zheng. 2017. “Effect of the Torrefaction Temperature on the Structural Properties and Pyrolysis Behavior of Biomass.” Bioresources 12 (2): 3425–3447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar