Migration and soft power: the EU’s visa and refugee policy response to the war in Ukraine

References

• Abdelaaty, L. E. 2021. Discrimination and Delegation: Explaining State Responses to Refugees. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Acosta Arcarazo, D., and Andrew Geddes. 2014. “Transnational Diffusion of Different Models: Regional Approaches to Migration Governance in the European Union.” European Journal of Migration and Law 16 (1): 19–44. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718166-00002047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamson, F., and G. Tsourapas. 2018. “Migration Diplomacy in World Politics.” International Studies Perspectives 20 (2): 113–128. https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/eky015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alden, C. 2023. “The Global South and Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine.” LSE Public Policy Review 3 (1): 16, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.31389/lseppr.88.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, B. 2013. Us and Them? The Dangerous Politics of Immigration Control. Online ed. Oxford Academic, May 23, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691593.001.0001.
   Google Scholar
• Atak, I., C. Linley-Moore, and J. Kim. 2023. “Canada’s Implementation of the UN Global Compacts on Migration and Refugees: Advancing Foreign Policy Objectives and the Status Quo?” Refugee Survey Quarterly 00:1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayoumi, M. 2022. “They Are ‘Civilised’ and ‘Look Like Us’: The Racist Coverage of Ukraine.” The Guardian, March 2, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/02/civilised-european-look-like-us-racist-coverage-ukraine.
   Google Scholar
• Borrell, J. 2023. “Migration Is a Key Element of Our Foreign Policy.” EEAS, HR/VP Blog, February 7, 2023. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/node/425234_fr.
   Google Scholar
• Carlotti, B. 2023. “A Divorce of Convenience: Exploring Radical Right Populist Parties’ Position on Putin’s Russia Within the Context of the Ukrainian War. A Social Media Perspective.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 31 (4): 1452–1468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrera, S., and M. Ineli-Ciger, eds. 2023. EU Responses to the Large-Scale Refugee Displacement from Ukraine: An Analysis on the Temporary Protection Directive and Its Implications for the Future EU Asylum Policy. Florence: EUI.
   Google Scholar
• Carrera, S., M. Ineli-Ciger, L. Vosyliute, and L. Brumat. 2023. “The EU Grants Temporary Protection for People Fleeing War in Ukraine: Time to Rethink Unequal Solidarity in EU Asylum Policy.” In EU Responses to the Large-Scale Refugee Displacement from Ukraine, edited by S. Carrera, and M. Ineli-Ciger, 2–58. Florence: EUI.
   Google Scholar
• Castelli-Gattinara, Pietro. 2017. “The ‘Refugee Crisis’ in Italy as a Crisis of Legitimacy.” Contemporary Italian Politics 9 (3): 318–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/23248823.2017.1388639.
   Google Scholar
• Comte, E. 2020. “Waging the Cold War: The Origins and Launch of Western Cooperation to Absorb Migrants from Eastern Europe, 1948–57.” Cold War History 20 (4): 461–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2020.1756781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, H. 2020. “Immigration Policy as Foreign Policy.” Uluslararasi Iliskiler 17 (68): 5–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finotelli, C., and G. Sciortino. 2013. “Through the Gates of the Fortress: European Visa Policies and the Limits of Immigration Control.” Perspectives on European Politics and Society 14 (1): 80–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15705854.2012.732390.
   Google Scholar
• George, A., and A. Bennett. 2004. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenhill, K. M. 2010. Weapons of Mass Migration: Forced Displacement, Coercion, and Foreign Policy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• House of Lords. 2014. Persuasion and Power in the Modern World, Select Committee on Soft Power and the UK’s Influence. London: House of Lords. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201314/ldselect/ldsoftpower/150/150.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ineli-Ciger, M. 2023. “Reasons for the Activation of the Temporary Protection Directive in 2022: A Tale of Double Standards.” In EU Responses to the Large-Scale Refugee Displacement from Ukraine, edited by S. Carrera, and M. Ineli-Ciger, 59–85. Florence: EUI.
   Google Scholar
• Kaya, A. 2020. “Migration as a Leverage Tool in International Relations: Turkey as a Case Study.” Uluslararası İlişkiler / International Relations 17 (68): 21–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirisçi, K. 2005. “A Friendlier Schengen Visa System as a Tool of “Soft Power”: The Experience of Turkey.” European Journal of Migration and Law 7:343–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlbacher, F. 2006. “The Use of Qualitative Content Analysis in Case Study Research.” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research 7 (1): 1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Longo, M. 2020. “Fractured Integration X Soft Power Debits: Contested Legitimacy In Europe.” Monash University Law Review 46 (1): 1–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludewig, A. 2021. “Westlessness? Challenges for the EU’s Soft Power Approach.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies 13 (1): 73–84. https://doi.org/10.30722/anzjes.vol13.iss1.15482.
   Google Scholar
• Manners, I. 2002. “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 40 (2): 235–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattern, J. B. 2005. “Why ‘Soft Power’ Isn’t So Soft: Representational Force and the Sociolinguistic Construction of Attraction in World Politics.” Millennium 33 (3): 583–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298050330031601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mau, S., F. Gülzau, L. Laube, and N. Zaun. 2015. “The Global Mobility Divide: How Visa Policies Have Evolved Over Time.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.981970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, C. 1989. “International Migration, International Relations and Foreign Policy.” International Migration Review 23 (3): 681–708. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newland, K. 1995. “Impact of U.S. Refugee Policies on U.S. Foreign Policy: A Case of the Tail Wagging the Dog?” In Threatened Peoples, Threatened Borders: World Migration and U.S. Policy, edited by M. Teitelbaum, and M. Weiner, 190–214. New York: The American Assembly. https://carnegieendowment.org/1995/01/01/impact-of-u.s.-refugee-policies-on-u.s.-foreign-policy-case-of-tail-wagging-dog-pub-229.
   Google Scholar
• Nye, J. 2004. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Nye, J. S. 2012. “Immigration and American Power.” Project Syndicate, December 10, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2023. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-needs-immigration-reform-to-maintain-america-sstrength-by-joseph-s–nye.
   Google Scholar
• Operations Coordinating Board. 1956. Progress Report on U.S. Policy Toward Soviet Bloc Escapees (Nsc 86/1—U.S. Policy On Soviet And Satellite Defectors), April 18, 1956, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, Eastern Europe, Volume XXV - Office of the Historian.
   Google Scholar
• Roselle, L., A. Miskimmon, and B. O’Loughlin. 2014. “Strategic Narrative: A New Means to Understand Soft Power.” Media, War & Conflict 7 (1): 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635213516696.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblum, M., and I. Salehyan. 2004. “Norms and Interests in US Asylum Enforcement.” Journal of Peace Research 41 (6): 677–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343304047432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebold, S., and J. Lopatka. 2022. “EU to Tighten Visa Rules for Russians But Split on Travel Ban.” Reuters, August 30, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-foreign-policy-chief-eyes-green-light-ukraine-training-mission-2022-08-30/.
   Google Scholar
• Thiollet, H. 2011. “Migration as Diplomacy: Labor Migrants, Refugees, and Arab Regional Politics in the Oil-Rich Countries.” International Labor and Working-Class History 79 (1): 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0147547910000293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolay, J. 2016. “Mass Migration and Images of State Power: Turkey’s Claim to the Status of a Responsible Rising Power.” Rising Powers Quarterly 1 (2): 135–149.
   Google Scholar
• Tolay, J. 2022. “Interrogating and Broadening the Emerging Narrative on Migration Diplomacy: A Critical Assessment.” Millennium 51 (1): 354–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298221139589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsourapas, G. 2018. “Authoritarian Emigration States: Soft Power and Cross-Border Mobility in the Middle East.” International Political Science Review 39 (3): 400–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512118759902.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsourapas, G. 2021. Migration Diplomacy in the Middle East and North Africa: Power, Mobility, and the State. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Selm, J. 2023. “Temporary Protection for Ukrainians: Learning the Lessons of the 1990s?” In EU Responses to the Large-Scale Refugee Displacement from Ukraine, edited by S. Carrera, and M. Ineli-Ciger, 366–382. Florence: EUI.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, H. 2023. “Russia’s war and EU Peace: The Role of the Russian ‘Other’ in European Integration.” In The Political Economy of Europe’s Future and Identity, edited by A. Bongardt, and F. Torres, 276–285. Fiesole: EUI/UCP Press.
   Google Scholar