Toxoplasmosis: prevalence and risk factors

Reference

• Allain J.P., Palmer C.R. and Pearson G. (1998) Epidemiolo-gical study of latent and recent infection by Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women from a regional population in the U.K. Journal of Infection, 36, 189–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benirschke K. and Robb A.J. (1987) Infectious causes of fetal death. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 30, 284–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheah W.C., Fah C.S. and Fook C.W. (1975) Pattern of Toxoplasma antibodies in Malaysian pregnant women. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 29, 275–279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook A.J., Gilbert RE., Buffolano W., Zufferey J., Petersen E., Jenum P.A., Foulon W., Semprini A.E. and Dunn D.T. (2000) Sources of toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case—control study. European Re-search Network on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. British Medical Journal, 321, 142–147.
   Google Scholar
• Dar F.K., Alkarmi T., Uduman S., Abdulrazzaq Y., Grundsell H. and Hughes P. (1997) Gestational and neonatal toxo-plasmosis: regional seroprevalence in the United Arab Emirates. European Journal of Epidemiology, 13, 567 — 571.
   Google Scholar
• Decavalas G., Papapetropoulou M., Giannoulaki E., Tzigounis V. and Kondakis X.G. (1990) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in gravidas and recently aborted women and study of risk factors. European Journal of Epidemiology, 6, 223 — 226.
   Google Scholar
• Evengard B., Lilja G., Capraru T., Malm G., Kussofsky E., Oman H. and Forsgren M. (1999) A retrospective study of seroconversion against Toxoplasma gondii during 3,000 pregnancies in Stockholm. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 31, 127— 129.
   Google Scholar
• Fishback J.L. and Frenkel J.K. (1991) Toxoplasmosis. Semi-nars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, 6, 219–226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guerina N.G., Hsu H., Meissner H.C., Maguire J.H., Lynfield R., Stechenberg B., Abroms I., Pasternack M.S., Hoff R., Eaton R.B., Grady G.F. for the New England Regional Toxoplasma Working Group (1994) Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. The New England Regional Toxoplasma Working Group. New England Journal of Medicine, 330, 1858 —1863.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein A.H., Ali A.E., Saleh M.H., Nagaty I.M. and Rezk A.Y. (2001) Prevalence of toxoplasma infection in Qualyobia governorate, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 31, 355–363.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jenum PA., Kapperud G., Stray-Pedersen B., Melby K.K., Eskild A. and Eng J. (1998) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii specific immunoglobulin G antibodies among pregnant women in Norway. Epidemiology and Infection, 120, 87— 92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kapperud G., Jenum P.A., Stray-Pedersen B., Melby K.K., Eskild A. and Eng J. (1996) Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy. Results of a prospective case—control study in Norway. American Journal of Epidemiology, 144, 405 — 412.
   Google Scholar
• Karunajeewa H., Siebert D., Hammond R., Garland S. and Kelly H. (2001) Seroprevalence of varicella zoster, parvovirus B19 and Toxoplasma gondii in a Melbourne obstetric population: implications for management. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 41, 23–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khairul Anuar A., Afifi A.B., Dighe V.C. and Rosiani A.M.M. (1991) Toxoplasma antibody in pregnant women in northern peninsular Maysia. Diagnosa, 5, 18–23.
   Google Scholar
• Koppe J.E., Loewer Sieger D.H. and de Roever Bonnet H. (1986) Results of 20-year follow-up of congenital toxoplas-mosis. Lancet, i, 254–256.
   Google Scholar
• Lappalainen M., Koskiniemi M., Hiilesmaa V., Ammala P., Teramo K., Koskela P., Lebech M., Raivio K.O. and Hedman K. (1995) Outcome of children after maternal primary toxoplasma infection during pregnancy with em-phasis on avidity of specific IgG. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal, 14, 354–361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lebech M., Andersen 0., Christensen N.C., Hertel J., Nielsen HE., Peitersen B., Rechnitzer C., Larsen SO., Norgaard-Pedersen B. and Petersen E. (1999) Feasibility of neonatal screening for toxoplasma infection in the absence of prenatal treatment. Lancet, 353, 1834— 1837.
   Google Scholar
• Lelong B., Rahelimino B., Candolfi E., Ravelojaona B.J., Villard 0., Rasamindrakotroka A.J. and Kien T. (1995) Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in a population of pregnant women in Antananarivo (Madagascar). Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique et de ses Filiales, 88, 46–49.
   Google Scholar
• Leong A.S.Y., Wang F., Thomas V. and Ong T.H. (1976) Acquired toxoplasmosis in Malaysia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 7, 10.
   Google Scholar
• Qublan H.S., Jumaian N., Abu-Salem A., Hamadelil F.Y., Mashagbeh M. and Abdel-Ghani F. (2002) Toxoplasmosis and habitual abortion. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecol-ogy, 22, 296–298.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rai S.K., Shibata H., Sumi K., Rai G., Rai N., Manandhar R., Gurung G., Ono K., Uga S., Matsuoka A., Shrestha H.G. and Matsumura T. (1998) Toxoplasma antibody prevalence in Nepalese pregnant women and women with bad obstetric history. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 29, 739–743.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ravichandran J., Rahmah N., Kamaruzzaman A. and Khairul Anuar A. (1998) Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among Malaysian pregnant women: a hospital-based study. Biome-dical Research, 1, 25–28.
   Google Scholar
• Reiche EM., Morimoto H.K., Farias G.N., Hisatsugu KR., Geller L., Gomes AC., Inoue H.Y., Rodrigues G. and Matsuo T. (2000) Prevalence of American trypanosomiasis, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, rubella, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus infection, assayed through serologic tests among pregnant patients, from 1996 to 1998, at the Regional University Hospital Norte do Parana. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 33, 519–527.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh BA., Shashikant Singh S. and Kapoor S.K. (2002) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection among primigravid women attending antenatal clinic at a secondary level hospital in North India. Journal of the Indian Medical Association, 100, 591–596.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh M., Tan K.L., Goh T.K. and Kang K.L. (1972) Toxoplasmosis antibodies in newborn infants. Asian Federa-tion Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 3, 58.
   Google Scholar
• Tan D.S.K., Cheah W., Sukumaran K.D. and Stern H. (1976) The 'TORCHES' (congenital diseases) programme 1 in child-bearing age. Singapore Medical Journal, 17, 207–210.
   Google Scholar
• Tan D.S.K. and Mak J.W. (1985) The role of toxoplasmosis in congenital disease in Malaysia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 16, 88— 92.
   Google Scholar
• Tantivanich S., Amarapal P., Suphadtanaphongs W., Siripanth C. and Sawatmongkonkun W. (2001) Prevalence of con-genital cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma antibodies in Thai-land. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 32, 466 — 469.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas V., Sinniah B. and Yap P.L. (1980) Prevalence of antibodies including IgM to Toxoplasma gondii in Malaysia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 11, 119— 125.
   Google Scholar
• Wong A., Tan K.H., Tee C.S. and Yeo G.S. (2000) Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus, toxoplasma and parvo-virus in pregnancy. Singapore Medical Journal, 41, 151 — 155.
   Google Scholar
• Yahada N. (1991) Review of toxoplasmosis in Malaysia. Sdoutheast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 22, 102–105.
   Google Scholar
• Zainul R., Zamri A., Sulaiman 0., Sharifah NA., Nik Nasri N.I. and Nafisah A. (1992) Toxoplasmosis—the silent killer. Malaysian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1, 9–13.
   Google Scholar