Polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular disease: risks and risk factors

Reference

• Adams J., Franks S., Poison D.W., Mason H.D., Abdulwahid N., Tucker M., Morris D.V., Price J. and Jacobs H.S. (1985) Multifollicular ovaries: clinical and endocrine features and response to pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone. Lancet, 2, 1375–1379.
   Google Scholar
• Archard G. and Thiers H. (1921) Hirsutes and its link with glycolytic insufficiency (diabetes of the bearded women). Bulletin de l'Academic Nationale de Medicine, 86, 51— 85.
   Google Scholar
• Atiomo W.U., Mikhlides D.P., Morris R. and Hardiman P. (2002) Ultrasound features of polycsytic ovaries (PCO) and metabolic syndrome X. Bisoscientifica—Endocrine Abstracts, 3, 117.
   Google Scholar
• Atiomo W.U., Bates S.A., Condon J.E., Shaw S., West J.H. and Prentice A.G. (1998) The plasminogen activator system in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and Sterility, 69, 236–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balen A.H., Conway G.S., Kaltsas G., Techatrasak K., Manning P.J., West C. and Jacobs H.S. (1995) Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of the disorder in 1741 patients. Human Reproduction, 10, 2107–2111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birdsall M.A., Farquhar C.M. and White H.D. (1997) Association between polycystic ovaries and extent of coronary artery disease in women having cardiac catheteriza-tion. Annals of Internal Medicine, 126, 32— 35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blacher J., Benetos K., Kirzin J.M., Malmajec A., Guize L. and Safar M.E. (2002) Relation of plasma total homcysteine to cardiovascular mortality in the French population. American Journal of Cardiology, 15, 591–595.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bringer J., Lefebvre P., Boulet F., Grigorescu F., Renard E., Hedon B., Orsetti A. and Jaffiol C. (1993) Body composition and regional fat distribution in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Relationship to hormonal and metabolic profiles. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 687, 115— 123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burghen G.A., Givens J.R. and Kitabchi A.E. (1980) Correla-tion of hyperandrogenism with hyperinsulinaemia in poly-cystic ovarian disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 50, 113–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang R.J., Nakamura R.M., Judd H. and Kaplan S.A. (1983) Insulin resistance in nonobese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 57, 356 — 359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christian R.C, Behrenbeck T and Fitzpatrick L.A. (2000) Clinical hyperandrogenism and body mass index predict coronary calcification in premenopausal women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Endocrine Society Abstracts, 400.
   Google Scholar
• Cibula D., Cifkova R., Fanta M., Poledne R., Zivny J. and Skibova J. (2000) Increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease in perimenopausal women with a history of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Human Reproduction, 15, 785–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton R.N., Ogden V., Hodgkinson J., Worswick L., Rodin D.A., Dyer S. and Meade T.W. (1992) How common are polycystic ovaries in normal women and what is their significance for the fertility of the population? Clinical Endocrinology, 37, 127 — 134.
   Google Scholar
• Conway G.S., Agrawal R., Betteridge D.J. and Jacobs H.S. (1992) Risk factors for coronary artery disease in lean and obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology, 37, 119 — 125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowett R.M. (1988) The metabolic sequelae in the infant of a diabetic mother. In: Controversies in Diabetes and Pregnancy, edited by Jovanovic L, pp. 149–171. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlgren E., Janson P.O., Johansson S., Lapidus L. and Oden A. (1992a) Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk for myocar-dial infarction. Evaluated from a risk factor model based on a prospective population study of women. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 71, 599–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlgren E., Johansson S., Lindstedt G., Knutsson F., Oden A., Janson P.O., Mattson L.A., Crona N. and Lundberg PA. (1992b) Women with polycystic ovary syndrome wedge resected in 1956 to 1965: a long-term follow-up focusing on natural history and circulating hormones. Fertility and Sterility, 57, 505–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamanti-Kandarakis E., Spina G., Kouli C. and Migdalis I. (2001) Increased endothelin-1 levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and the beneficial effect of metformin therapy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 4666 — 4673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaif A. (1992) Polycystic ovary syndrome. edited by Givens J.R., Haseltine F. and Merriam G.R., pp. 248–260. Cam-bridge, MA, Blackwell Scientific.
   Google Scholar
• Dunaif A., Graf M., Mandeli J., Laumas V. and Dobrjansky A. (1987) Characterization of groups of hyperandrogenic women with acanthosis nigricans, impaired glucose tolerance, and/or hyperinsulinemia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 65, 499–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaif A., Segal KR., Shelley DR., Green G., Dobrjansky A. and Licholai T. (1992) Evidence for distinctive and intrinsic defects in insulin action in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes, 41, 1257 — 1266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elting MM., Korsen T.J. and Schoemaker J. (2001) Obesity, rather than menstrual cycle pattern or follicle cohort size, determines hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia and hyperten-sion in ageing women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology, 55, 767–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans D.J., Barth J.H. and Burke C.W. (1988) Body fat topography in women with androgen excess. International Journal of Obesity, 12, 157–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans D.J., Hoffman D.G., Kalkhoff R.K. and Kissebah A.H. (1983) Relationship of androgenic activity in body fat topography, fat cell morphologyand metabolic aberrations in premenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 57, 304–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folsom A.R., Kaye S.A., Sellers TA., Hong C.P., Cerhan J.R., Potter J.D. and Prineas R.J. (1993) Body fat distribution and 5-year risk of death in older women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 483–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman D.S., Jacobsen S.J., Barboriak J.J., Sobocinski K.A., Anderson A.J., Kissebah A.H., Sasse E.A. and Gruchow H.W. (1990) Body fat distribution and male/female differences in lipids and lipoproteins. Circulation, 81, 1498–1506.
   Google Scholar
• Gjonnaess H. (1989) The course and outcome of pregnancy after ovarian electrocautery in women with polycystic ovary syndrome:the influence of body weight. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 96, 714–719.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graf M., Richards C.J., Brown V., Meissner L. and Dunaif, A. (1990) The independent effects of hyperandrogenaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, and obesity on lipid and lipo-protein profiles in women. Clinical Endocrinology, 33, 119 — 131.
   Google Scholar
• Guzick D.S., Talbott E.O., Sutton-Tyrrell K., Herzog H.C., KuIler L.H. and Wolfson S.K. Jr (1996) Carotid athero-sclerosis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: initial results from a case—control study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1224 — 1229.
   Google Scholar
• Haffner S.M., Fong D., Hazuda H.P., Pugh J.A. and Patterson J.K. (1988) Hyperinsulinemia, upper body adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors in non-diabetics. Metabolism, 37, 338— 345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harborne L., Fleming R., Lyall H., Norman J. and Sattar N. (2003) Descriptive review of the evidence for the use of metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet, 361, 1894 — 1901.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartz A.J., Rupley D.C. and Rimm A.A. (1984) The association of girth measurements with disease in 32,856 women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 119, 71 — 80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holte J., Bergh T., Berne C., Berglund G. and Lithell H. (1994a) Enhanced early insulin response to glucose in relation to insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal glucose tolerance. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 78, 1052 — 1058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holte J.G.G., Berne C., Bergh T. and Lithell H. (1996) Elevated ambulatory day-time blood pressure in women with poly-cystic ovary syndrome: a sign of pre-hypertensive state? Human Reproduction, 11, 23–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holte J., Bergh T., Berne C. and Lithell H. (1994b) Serum lipoprotein lipid profile in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: relation to anthropometric, endocrine and meta-bolic variables. Clinical Endocrinology, 41, 463 —471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkinson Z.E., Sattar N., Fleming R. and Greer I.A. (1998) Polycystic ovarian syndrome: the metabolic syndrome comes to gynaecology. British Medical Journal, 317, 329— 332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn CR., Flier J.S., Bar R.S., Archal J.A. and Gorden P. (1976) The syndrome of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. New England Journal of Medicine, 294, 739–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly C.C., Lyall H., Petrie J.R., Gould G.W., Connell J.M. and Sattar N. (2001) Low grade chronic inflammation in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 453–2455.
   Google Scholar
• Lagrand W.K., Visser C.A., Hermens W.T., Niessen H.W., Verheugt F.W., Wolbink G.J. and Hack C.E. (1999) C-reactive protein as a cardiovascular risk factor: more than an epiphenomenon? Circulation, 100, 96–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakhani K., Constantinovici N., Purcell W.M., Fernando R. and Hardiman P. (2000a) Internal carotid artery haemody-namics in women with polycystic ovaries. Clinical Science, 98 661— 665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakhani K., Constantinovici N., Purcell W.M., Fernando R. and Hardiman P. (2000b) Internal carotid-artery response to 5% carbon dioxide in women with polycystic ovaries. Lancet, 356, 1166 — 1167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakhani K., Seifalian A.M. and Hardiman P. (2002) Impaired carotid viscoelastic properties in women with polycystic ovaries. Circulation, 106, 81 —85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakhani K., Seifalian A.M. and Hardiman P. (2003) Evidence of atherosclerosis in young women with polycsytic ovary syndrome. Human Reproduction, 18, 25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees C., Jurkovic D., Zaidi J. and Campbell S. (1998) Unexpected effect of a nitric oxide donor on uterine artery Doppler velocimetry in oligomenorrheic women with poly-cystic ovaries. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 11, 129–132.
   Google Scholar
• Legro R.S., Blanche P., Krauss R.M. and Lobo R.A. (1999) Alterations in low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein subclasses among Hispanic women with poly-cystic ovary syndrome: influence of insulin and genetic factors. Fertility and Sterility, 72, 990–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legro R.S., Kunselman A.R. and Dunaif, A. (12001) Pre-valence and predictors of dyslipidemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. American Journal of Medicine, 111, 607–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loverro G., Lorusso F., Mei L., Depalo R., Cormio G. and Selvaggi L. (2002) The plasma homocysteine levels are increased in polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecology and Obstetrics Investigation, 53, 157 — 162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macut D., Micic D., Cvijovic G., Sumarac M., Kendereski A., Zoric S. and Pejkovic D. (2001) Cardiovascular risk in adolescent and young adult obese females with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Journal of Pediatrics, Endocrinol-ogy and Metabolism, 14 (Suppl 5) 1353 —1359.
   Google Scholar
• Mahabeer S., Naidoo C., Norman R.J., Jialal I., Reddi K. and Joubert S.M. (1990) Metabolic profiles and lipoprotein lipid concentrations in non-obese and obese patients with poly-cystic ovarian disease. Hormone and MetabolicResearch, 22, 537— 540.
   Google Scholar
• Mather K.J., Kwan F. and Corenblum B. (2000) Hyperinsu-linemia in polycsytic ovary syndrome correlates with increased cardiovascular risk independent of obesity. Fertility and Sterility, 73, 150— 156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestler J.E. (2002) Should patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome be treated with metformin: an enthusiastic endorsement. Human Reproduction, 17, 1950— 1953.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman R.J., Hague W.M., Masters S.C. and Wang X.J. (1995) Subjects with polycystic ovaries without hyperandro-genaemia exhibit similar disturbances in insulin and lipid profiles as those with polycystic ovary syndrome. Human Reproduction, 10, 2261.
   Google Scholar
• Norman R.J., Masters L., Milner CR., Wang J.X. and Davies M.J. (2001) Relative risk of conversion from normoglycae-mia to impaired glucose tolerance or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in polycystic ovary syndrome. Human Reproduction, 16, 1995–1998.
   Google Scholar
• Paradisi G., Steinberg HO., Hempfling A., Cronin J., Hook G., Shepard M.K. and Baron A.D. (2001) Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Circula-tion, 103, 1410— 1415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquali R., Casimirri F., Cantobelli S., Labate A.M., Venturoli S., Paradisi R. and Zannarini L. (1993) Insulin and androgen relationships with abdominal body fat distribution in women with and without hyperandrogenism. Hormone Research, 39, 179— 187.
   Google Scholar
• Pepys M.B. and Berger A. (2001) The renaissance of C reactive protein. British Medical Journal, 322, 4 — 5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierpoint T., McKeigue P.M., Isaacs A.J., Wild S.H. and Jacobs H.S. (1998) Mortality of women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51, 581 — 586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plymate SR., Matej L.A., Jones R.E. and Friedl K.E. (1988) Inhibition of sex hormone-binding globulin production in the human hepatoma (Hep G2) cell line by insulin and prolactin. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 67, 460–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polson D.W., Adams J., Wadsworth J. and Franks S. (1988) Polycystic ovaries—a common finding in normal women. Lancet, 1, 870 — 872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prelevic G.M., Wood J., Okolo S. and Ginsberg J. (1996) Peripheral blood flow in young women with the polycsytic ovary syndrome. Journal of Endocrinology, 151, 13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prelevic G.M., Beljic T., Balint-Peric L. and Ginsburg J. (1995) Cardiac flow velocity in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology, 43, 677–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkhowa M., Bicknell J., Jones M. and Clayton R.N. (1994) Insulin sensitivity in obese and nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome—relationship to hyperandrogen-aemia. Fertility and Sterility, 61, 605–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randeva H.S., Lewandowski K.C., Drzewoski J., Brooke-Wave11 K., O'Callaghan C., Czupryniak L., Hillhouse E.W. and Prelevic G.M. (2002) Exercise decreases plasma total homocysteine in overweight young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87, 4496–4501.
   Google Scholar
• Reaven G.M. (1995) Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease. Physiology Review, 75, 473–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebuffe-Scrive M., Cullberg G., Lundberg PA., Lindstedt G. and Bjorntorp P. (1989) Anthropometric variables and metabolism in polycystic ovarian disease. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 21, 391 — 397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker P.M., Hennekens C.H., Buring J.E. and Rifai N. (2000) C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 836— 843.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifai N. & Ridker P.M. (2001) Proposed cardiovascular risk assessment algorithm using high-sensitivity C-reactive pro-tein and lipid screening. Clinical Chemistry, 47, 28–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson S., Henderson A.D., Gelding S.V., Kiddy D., Nithyananthan R. et al. (1996) Dyslipidaemia is associated with insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovaries. Clinical Endocrinology, 44, 277–284.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson S., Kiddy D., Gelding S.V., Willis D., Niththya-nanthan R., Bush A., Johnston D.G. and Franks S. (1993) The relationship of insulin insensitivity to menstrual pattern in women with hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. Clinical Endocrinology, 39, 351 —355.
   Google Scholar
• Sampson M., Kong C., Patel A., Unwin R. and Jacobs H.S. (1996) Ambulatory blood pressure profiles and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) activity in lean women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical Endocrinol-ogy, 45, 623–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott A. & Owen P. (1996) Recent advances in the aetiology and management of pre-eclampsia. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 55, 476–478.
   Google Scholar
• Sir-Petermann T., Angel B., Maliqueo M., Carvajal F., Santos J.L. and Perez-Bravo F. (2002) Prevalence of type II diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance in parents of women with polycsytic ovary syndrome. Diabetologia, 45, 959–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slowinska-Srzednicka J., Zgliczynski S., Wierzbicki M., Srzed-nicki M., Stopinska-Gluszak U., Zgliczynski W. et al. (1991) The role of hyperinsulinemia in the development of lipid disturbances in nonobese and obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 14, 569–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein I.F. and Leventhal M.L. (1935) Amenorrhoea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 29, 181–191.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg HO., Ckaker H., Leaming R., Johnson A., Brechtel G. and Baron A.D. (1996) Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 97, 2601 —2610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbott E., Clerici A., Berga S.L., Kuller L., Guzick D., Detre K., Daniels T. and Engberg R.A. (1998) Adverse lipid and coronary heart disease risk profiles in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: results of a case—control study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51, 415–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbott E., Guzick D., Clerici A., Berga S., Detre K., Weimer K. and Kuller L. (1995) Coronary heart disease risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 15, 821 — 826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbott E.O., Guzick D.S., Sutton-Tyrrell K., McHugh-Pemu K.P., Zborowski J.V., Remsberg K.E. and Kuller L.H. (2000) Evidence for association between polycystic ovary syndrome and premature carotid atherosclerosis in middle aged women. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 20, 2414 — 2421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy R.P., Lemaitre R.N., Psaty B.M., Ives D.G., Evans R.W., Cushman M., Meilahn E.N. and Kuller L.H. (1997) Relationship of C-reactive protein to risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Results from the Cardiovascular Health Study and the Rural Health Promotion Project. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 17, 1121 — 1127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urman B., Sarac E., Dogan L. and Gurgan T. (1997) Pregnancy in infertile PCOD patients. Complications and outcome. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 42, 501 —505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild R.A., Grubb B., Hartz A., Van Nort J.J., Bachman W. and Bartholomew M. (1990) Clinical signs of androgen excess as risk factors for coronary artery disease. Fertility and Sterility, 54, 255 — 259.
   Google Scholar
• Wild R.A., Painter P.C., Coulson P.B., Carruth K.B. and Ranney G.B. (1985) Lipoprotein lipid concentrations and cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syn-drome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 61, 946— 951.
   Google Scholar
• Wild S., Pierpoint T., Jacobs H. and McKeigue P. (2000) Long-term consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome: results of a 31 year follow-up study. Human Fertility, 3, 101–105.
   Google Scholar
• Zawdaki J.K. and Dunaif A. (1992) Diagnostic criteria for polycsytic ovary syndrome: towards a rationale approach. In: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, edited by Dunaif A., Givens J.R., Haseltine F. and Merriam G.R., pp. 377–384. Boston, Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmermann S., Phillips R.A., Dunaif A., Finegood D.T., Wilkenfeld C., Ardeljan M., Gorlin R. and Krakoff L.R. (1992) Polycystic ovary syndrome: lack of hypertension despite profound insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 75, 508 — 513.
   Google Scholar