Obstetric risk factors for urinary incontinence and preventative pelvic floor exercises: Cohort study and nested randomized controlled trial

References

• Brookes S T, Donovan J L, Wright M, Jackson S, Abrams P. A scored form of the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms questionnaire: Data from a randomized controlled trial of surgery for women with stress incontinence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004; 191: 73–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgio K L, Matthews K A, Engel B T. Prevalence, incidence and correlates of urinary incontinence in healthy, middle-aged women. Journal of Urology 1991; 146: 1255–1259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgio K L, Locher J L, Zyczynski H, Hardin J M, Singh K. Urinary incontinence during pregnancy in a racially mixed sample: characteristics and predisposing factors. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 1996; 7: 69–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burgio K L, Zyczynski H, Locher J L, Richter H E, Redden D T, Wright K C. Urinary incontinence in the 12-month post-partum period. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003; 102: 1291–1298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cammu H, Van-Nylen. Pelvic floor muscle exercises in genuine urinary stress incontinence. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 1997; 8: 297–300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaliha C, Kalia V, Stanton S L, Monga A, Sultan A H. Antenatal prediction of post-partum urinary and fecal incontinence. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999; 94: 69–94
   Google Scholar
• Cheater F M, Castleden C M. Epidemiology and classification of urinary incontinence. Baillieres Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2000; 14: 183–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiarelli P, Cockburn J. Promoting urinary incontinence in women after delivery: randomized controlled trial. British Medical Journal 2002; 324: 1241–1244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandy D. Assessment tool promotes continence after childbirth. Nursing Times 1999; 95: 28
   Google Scholar
• Dolan L M, Casson K, McDonald P, Ashe R G. Urinary incontinence in Northern Ireland: a prevalence study. British Journal of Urology: International 1999; 83: 760–766
   Google Scholar
• Foldspang A, Mommsen S, Lam G W, Elving L. Parity as a correlate of adult female urinary incontinence prevalence. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1992; 46: 595–600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey M -A. Pelvic floor exercises during and after pregnancy: a systematic review of their role in preventing pelvic floor dysfunction. Journal of Obstetrics and Gyecology Canada 2003; 25: 487–498
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hay-Smith E JC, Bø K, Berghmans L CM, Hendriks H JM, de Bie R A, van Waalwijk, van Doorn E SC. Pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 4. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester 2003
   Google Scholar
• Jackson S, Donovan J, Brookes S, Eckford S, Swithinbank L, Abrams P. The Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms questionnaire: development and psychometric testing. British Journal of Urology 1996; 77: 805–812
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jolleys J V. Reported prevalence of urinary incontinence in women in a general practice. British Medical Journal 1988; 296: 1300–1302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall K, Totterdal D, McConnell V, Walsh D M, Whelan M. Urinary incontinence and constipation during pregnancy and after childbirth. Physiotherapy 1996; 82: 98–103
   Google Scholar
• Marshall K, Thompson K A, Walsh D M, Baxter G D. Incidence of urinary incontinence and constipation during pregnancy and post-partum: survey of current findings at the Rotunda Lying-in Hospital. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998; 105: 400–402
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mason L, Glenn S, Walton I, Appleton C. The prevalence of stress incontinence during pregnancy and following delivery. Midwifery 1999; 15: 120–128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mason L, Glenn S, Walton I, Appleton C. The relationship between antenatal pelvic floor muscle exercises and post-partum stress incontinence. Physiotherapy 2001; 87: 651–658
   Google Scholar
• Mommsen S, Foldspang A. Body mass index and adult female urinary incontinence. World Journal of Urology 1994; 12: 319–322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morkved S, Bo K. The effect of post-partum pelvic floor muscle exercise in the prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 1997; 8: 217–222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morkved S, Bo K. Effect of post-partum pelvic floor muscle training in prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence: a one-year follow up. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2000; 107: 1022–1080
   Google Scholar
• Persson J, Wolner-Hanssen P, Rydhstroem H. Obstetric risk factors for stress urinary incontinence: a population-based study. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000; 96: 440–445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rortveit G, Daltveit A K, Hannestad Y S, Hunskaar S, Norwegian EPINCONT Study. Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or caesarean section. New England Journal of Medicine 2003; 384: 900–907
   Google Scholar
• Salvesen K A, Morkved S. Randomized controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy. British Medical Journal 2004; 329: 378–380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuessler B, Hesse U, Dimpfl T, Anthuber C. Epidural anaesthesia and avoidance of post-partum stress urinary incontinence (letter). Lancet 1988; 1: 762
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skoner M M, Thompson W D, Caron V A. Factors associated with risk of stress urinary incontinence in women. Nursing Research 1994; 43: 301–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sleep J, Grant A. Pelvic floor exercise in postnatal care. Midwifery 1987; 3: 158–164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Viktrup L, Lose G. Epidural anaesthesia during labor and stress incontinence after delivery. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993; 82: 984–986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson P D, Herbison R M, Herbison G P. Obstetric practice and the prevalence of urinary incontinence three months after delivery. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1996; 103: 154–161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar