Transdermal natural progesterone cream for postmenopausal women: Inconsistent data and complex pharmacokinetics

References

• Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin. ‘Natural’ progesterone creams for postmenopausal women. Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin 2001; 39: 10–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barengolts E I, Gajardo H F, Rosol T J, D'Anza J J, Pena M, Botsis J, et al. Effects of progesterone on postovariectomy bone loss in aged rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1990; 5: 1143–1147
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beral V. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2003; 362: 419–427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burry K A, Patton P E, Hermsmeyer K. Percutaneous absorption of progesterone in postmenopausal women treated with transdermal oestrogen. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999; 180: 1504–1511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey B J, Carey A H, Patel S, Carter G, Studd J W. A study to evaluate serum and urinary hormone levels following short and long term administration of two regimens of progesterone cream in postmenopausal women. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2000; 107: 722–726
   Google Scholar
• Cooper A, Spencer C, Whitehead M I, Ross D, Barnard G J, Collins W P. Systemic absorption of progesterone from Progest cream in postmenopausal women. Lancet 1998; 351: 1255–1256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVenuto F. Interaction of progesterone and aldosterone with red blood cells of the rat. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1967; 124: 478–483
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Devenuto F, Ligon D F, Friedrichsen D H, Wilson H L. Human erythrocyte membrane. Uptake of progesterone and chemical alterations. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1969; 193: 36–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferenczy A, Gelfand M M, Tzipris F. The cytodynamics of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. A review. Annals of Pathology 1983; 3: 189–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher G J, Kang S, Varani J, Bata-Csorgo Z, Wan Y, Datta S, et al. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging. Archives of Dermatology 2002; 138: 1462–1470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilchrest B A. A review of skin ageing and its medical therapy. British Journal of Dermatology 1996; 135: 867–875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham J D, Clarke C L. Physiological action of progesterone in target tissues. Endocrine Reviews 1997; 18: 502–519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriet P, Cornet P B, Lemoine P, Galant C, Singer C F, Courtoy P J, et al. Circulating ovarian steroids and endometrial matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Annals of the New York Academy of Science 2002; 955: 119–138, discussion 157 – 158, 396 – 406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry F, Pierard-Franchimont C, Cauwenbergh G, Pierard G E. Age-related changes in facial skin contours and rheology. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 1997; 45: 220–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann A C, Nafziger A N, Victory J, Kulawy R, Rocci M L, Jr, Bertino J S, Jr. Over-the-counter progesterone cream produces significant drug exposure compared to a food and drug administration-approved oral progesterone product. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2005; 45: 614–619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirvonen E, Malkonen M, Manninen V. Effects of different progestogens on lipoproteins during postmenopausal replacement therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 1981; 304: 560–563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzer G, Riegler E, Honigsmann H, Farokhnia S, Schmidt J B. Effects and side-effects of 2% progesterone cream on the skin of peri- and postmenopausal women: results from a double-blind, vehicle-controlled, randomised study. British Journal of Dermatology 2005; 153: 626–634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hueber F, Besnard M, Schaefer H, Wepierre J. Percutaneous absorption of estradiol and progesterone in normal and appendage-free skin of the hairless rat: lack of importance of nutritional blood flow. Skin Pharmacology 1994a; 7: 245–256
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hueber F, Schaefer H, Wepierre J. Role of transepidermal and transfollicular routes in percutaneous absorption of steroids: in vitro studies on human skin. Skin Pharmacology 1994b; 7: 237–244
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Im S, Lee E S, Kim W, Song J, Kim J, Lee M, et al. Expression of progesterone receptor in human keratinocytes. Journal of Korean Medical Science 2000; 15: 647–654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koefoed P, Brahm J. The permeability of the human red cell membrane to steroid sex hormones. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1994; 1195: 55–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalski W B, Chatterton R T, Jr, Kazer R R, Severini T A. Disappearance and unexpected reappearance of progesterone in the circulation of the monkey: novel hormone kinetics. Journal of Physiology 1996; 493(Pt 3)877–884
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lane G, Siddle N C, Ryder T A, Pryse-Davies J, King R J, Whitehead M I. Dose dependent effects of oral progesterone on the oestrogenised postmenopausal endometrium. British Medical Journal 1983; 287: 1241–1245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J R. Osteoporosis reversal with transdermal progesterone. Lancet 1990a; 336: 1327
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee J R. Osteoporosis reversal. The role of progesterone. International Clinical Nutrition Reviews 1990b; 10: 384–391
   Google Scholar
• Lee J R. Natural progesterone: The multiple roles of a remarkable hormone. BLL, Sebastopol 1995
   Google Scholar
• Lee J R. Use of Pro-Gest cream in postmenopausal women. Lancet 1998; 352: 905–906
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leonetti H B, Longo S, Anasti J N. Transdermal progesterone cream for vasomotor symptoms and postmenopausal bone loss. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999; 94: 225–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonetti H B, Wilson K J, Anasti J N. Topical progesterone cream has an antiproliferative effect on oestrogen-stimulated endometrium. Fertility and Sterility 2003; 79: 221–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis J G, McGill H, Patton V M, Elder P A. Caution on the use of saliva measurements to monitor absorption of progesterone from transdermal creams in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2002; 41: 1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Chen C, Singh S M, Labrie F, Labire F. The enzyme and inhibitors of 4-ene-3-oxosteroid 5 alpha-oxidoreductase. Steroids 1995; 60: 430–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin T J, Billiar R B, Little B. Metabolic clearance of progesterone in the menstrual cycle. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1972; 35: 879–886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lydeking-Olsen E, Beck-Jensen J E, Setchell K D, Holm-Jensen T. Soymilk or progesterone for prevention of bone loss – a 2 year randomized, placebo-controlled trial. European Journal of Nutrition 2004; 43: 246–257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercier I, Colombo F, Mader S, Calderone A. Ovarian hormones induce TGF-beta(3) and fibronectin mRNAs but exhibit a disparate action on cardiac fibroblast proliferation. Cardiovascular Research 2002; 53: 728–739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman T R, Morse C A, Dennerstein L. Comparative bioavailability of orally and vaginally administered progesterone. Fertility and Sterility 1991; 56: 1034–1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Leary P, Feddema P, Chan K, Taranto M, Smith M, Evans S. Salivary, but not serum or urinary levels of progesterone are elevated after topical application of progesterone cream to pre-and postmenopausal women. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf) 2000; 53: 615–620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padwick M L, Endacott J, Matson C, Whitehead M I. Absorption and metabolism of oral progesterone when administered twice daily. Fertility and Contraception 1986; 46: 402–407
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prior J C. Progesterone as a bone-trophic hormone. Endocrinology Reviews 1990; 11: 386–398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittie L, Fisher G J. UV-light-induced signal cascades and skin aging. Ageing Research Reviews 2002; 1: 705–720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt J B, Lindmaier A, Spona J. Hormone receptors in pubic skin of premenopausal and postmenopausal females. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1990; 30: 97–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan C Y, Statham B, Marks R, Payne P A. Skin thickness measurement by pulsed ultrasound: its reproducibility, validation and variability. British Journal of Dermatology 1982; 106: 657–667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremollieres F A, Strong D D, Baylink D J, Mohan S. Progesterone and promegestone stimulate human bone cell proliferation and insulin-like growth factor-2 production. Acta Endocrinologica (Copenh) 1992; 126: 329–337
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vashisht A, Wadsworth F, Carey A, Carey B, Studd J. Bleeding profiles and effects on the endometrium for women using a novel combination of transdermal oestradiol and natural progesterone cream as part of a continuous combined hormone replacement regime. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gyanecology 2005a; 112: 1402–1406
   Google Scholar
• Vashisht A, Wadsworth F, Carey A, Carey B, Studd J. A study to look at hormonal absorption of progesterone cream used in conjunction with transdermal oestrogen. Gynecological Endocrinology 2005b; 21: 101–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddell B J, O'Leary P C. Distribution and metabolism of topically applied progesterone in a rat model. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2002; 80: 449–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiderpass E, Adami H O, Baron J A, Magnusson C, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, et al. Risk of endometrial cancer following oestrogen replacement with and without progestins. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1999; 91: 1131–1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wren B G, Champion S M, Willetts K, Manga R Z, Eden J A. Transdermal progesterone and its effect on vasomotor symptoms, blood lipid levels, bone metabolic markers, moods, and quality of life for postmenopausal women. Menopause 2003; 10: 13–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wren B G, McFarland K, Edwards L, O'Shea P, Sufi S, Gross B, et al. Effect of sequential transdermal progesterone cream on endometrium, bleeding pattern, and plasma progesterone and salivary progesterone levels in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2000; 3: 155–160
   PubMedGoogle Scholar