Increased C4d and Bb immunoreactivity and decreased MBL immunoreactivity characterise first-time pathologic first-trimester miscarriage: a case-control study

References

• Acharya G, Morgan H. 2002. First-trimester, three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound volumetry in normal pregnancies and spontaneous miscarriages. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 19:575–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarante-Paffaro A, Queiroz GS, Correa ST, Spira B, Bevilacqua E. 2004. Phagocytosis as a potential mechanism for microbial defense of mouse placental trophoblast cells. Reproduction 128:207–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulla R, Agostinis C, Bossi F, Rizzi L, Debeus A, Tripodo C, et al. 2008. Decidual endothelial cells express surface-bound C1q as a molecular bridge between endovascular trophoblast and decidual endothelium. Molecular Immunology 45:2629–2640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulla R, Bossi F, Agostinis C, Radillo O, Colombo F, De Sata F, et al. 2009. Complement production by trophoblast cells at the feto-maternal interface. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 82:119–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen OB, Kilpatrick DC, Souter V, Varming K, Thiel S, Jensenius JC. 1999. Mannan-binding lectin deficiency is associated with unexplained recurrent miscarriage. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 49:193–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen D, Colvin RB, Daha MR, Drachenberg CB, Haas M, Nickeleit V, et al. 2012. Pros and cons for C4d as a biomarker. Kidney International 81:628–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham DS, Tichenor JR. Jr. 1995. Decay-accelerating factor protects human trophoblast from complement-mediated attack. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 74:156–161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunkelberger JR, Song WC. 2010. Complement and its role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Cell Research 20:34–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz MA, Speroff L. 2011. Clinical gynecological endocrinology and infertility. 8th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia RL, Coltrera MD, Gown AM. 1989. Analysis of proliferative grade using anti-PCNA/cyclin monoclonal antibodies in fixed, embedded tissues. Comparison with flow cytometric analysis. The American Journal of Pathology 134:733–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girardi G, Berman J, Redecha P, Spruce L, Thurman JM, Kraus D, et al. 2003. Complement C5a receptors and neutrophils mediate fetal injury in the antiphospholipid syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 112:1644–1654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girardi G, Yarilin D, Thurman JM, Holers VM, Salmon JE. 2006. Complement activation induces dysregulation of angiogenic factors and causes fetal rejection and growth restriction. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 203:2165–2175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girardi G. 2008. Guilty as charged: all available evidence implicates complement’s role in fetal demise. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 59:183–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg M, Luknar-Gabor N, Keidar R, Katz Y. 2007. Synthesis of complement proteins in the human chorion is differentially regulated by cytokines. Molecular Immunology 44:1737–1742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holers VM, Girardi G, Mo L, Guthridge JM, Molina H, Pierangeli SS, et al. 2002. Complement C3 activation is required for antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 195:211–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse C, Rosgaard A, Steffensen R, Varming K, Jensenius JC, Christiansen OB. 2002. Low serum level of mannan-binding lectin is a determinant for pregnancy outcome in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 187:1313–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao D, Wu X, Deppong C, Friend LD, Dolecki G, Nelson DM, et al. 2003. Negligible role of antibodies and C5 in pregnancy loss associated exclusively with C3-dependent mechanisms through complement alternative pathway. Immunity 19:813–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medawar PB. 1953. Some immunological and endocrinological problems raised by the evolution of viviparity in vertebrates. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 7:320–338.
   Google Scholar
• Micheloud D, Sarmiento E, Teijeiro R, Jensen J, Rodriguez Molina JJ, Fernandez-Cruz E, et al. 2007. Hypocomplementemia in the absence of autoantibodies in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia 35:90–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minamiguchi S, Mikami Y, Nakajima N, Salah A, Kondoh E, Tatsumi K, et al. 2013. Complement split product C4d deposition in placenta in systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Pathology International 63:150–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mor G, Cardenas I, Abrahams V, Guller S. 2011. Inflammation and pregnancy: the role of the immune system at the implantation site. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1221:80–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellis V, De Seta F, Crovella S, Bossi F, Bulla R, Guaschino S, et al. 2005. Mannose binding lectin and C3 act as recognition molecules for infectious agents in the vagina. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 139:120–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richani K, Soto E, Romero R, Espinoza J, Chaiworapongsa T, Nien JK, et al. 2005. Normal pregnancy is characterized by systemic activation of the complement system. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 17:239–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleussner E, Kamin G, Seliger G, Rogenhofer N, Ebner S, Toth B, ETHIG II group, et al. 2015. Low-molecular-weight heparin for women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: a multicenter trial with a minimization randomization scheme. Annals of Internal Medicine 162:601–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamonki JM, Salmon JE, Hyjek E, Baergen RN. 2007. Excessive complement activation 346 is associated with placental injury in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 196:167.e1–165.
   Google Scholar
• Suresh KP, Chandrashekara S. 2012. Sample size estimation and power analysis for clinical research studies. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences 5:7–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tichenor JR, Bledsoe LB, Opsahl MS, Cunningham DS. 1995. Activation of complement in humans with a first-trimester pregnancy loss. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 39:79–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurman JM, Holers VM. 2006. The central role of the alternative complement pathway in human disease. Journal of Immunology 176:1305–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Berg MM, van Maarle MC, van Wely M, Goddijn M. 2012. Genetics of early miscarriage. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 1822:1951–1959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walport MJ. 2001. Complement. First of two parts. The New England Journal of Medicine 344:1058–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar