Maternal and fetal outcomes of SLE in pregnancy: a literature review

References

• Abalovich, M., et al., 2002. Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism complicate pregnancy. Thyroid, 12 (1), 63–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abd Rahman, R., et al., 2018. Treatment of preeclampsia with hydroxychloroquine: a review. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 31 (4), 525–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Arfaj, A. S. and Khalil, N., 2010. Pregnancy outcome in 396 pregnancies in patients with SLE in Saudi Arabia. Lupus, 19 (14), 1665–1673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan, W., et al., 2000. Maternal thyroid deficiency and pregnancy complications: implications for population screening. Journal of Medical Screening, 7 (3), 127–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananth, C. V., Keyes, K. M. and Wapner, R. J., 2013. Preeclampsia rates in the United States, 1980–2010: age-period-cohort analysis. BMJ, 347, f6564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreoli, L., et al., 2017. EULAR recommendations for women’s health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 76 (3), 476–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbib, N., et al., 2017. First trimester thyroid stimulating hormone as an independent risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 30 (18), 2174–2178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arkema, E. V., et al., 2016. What to expect when expecting with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a population-based study of maternal and fetal outcomes in SLE and Pre-SLE. Arthritis Care & Research, 68 (7), 988–994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bălănescu, A., Donisan, T. and Bălănescu, D., 2017. An ever-challenging relationship: lupus and pregnancy. Reumatologia, 55 (1), 29–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benhadi, N., et al., 2009. Higher maternal TSH levels in pregnancy are associated with increased risk for miscarriage, fetal or neonatal death. European Journal of Endocrinology, 160 (6), 985–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin, J., et al., 2007. International estimates of infertility prevalence and treatment-seeking: potential need and demand for infertility medical care. Human Reproduction, 22 (6), 1506–1512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourré‐Tessier, J., et al., 2011. Prolonged corrected QT interval in anti‐Ro/SSA–positive adults with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care & Research, 63 (7), 1031–1037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brucato, A., et al., 2002. Pregnancy outcome in 100 women with auto-immune diseases and anti-Ro/SSA antibodies: a prospective controlled study. Lupus, 11 (11), 716–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brucato, A., et al., 2001. Risk of congenital complete heart block in newborns of mothers with anti‐Ro/SSA antibodies detected by counter immune electrophoresis: a prospective study of 100 women. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 44 (8), 1832–1835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundhun, P. K., Soogund, M. Z. and Huang, F., 2017. Impact of systemic lupus erythematosus on maternal and fetal outcomes following pregnancy: a meta-analysis of studies published between years 2001–2016. Journal of Autoimmunity, 79, 17–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buyon, J. P., et al., 1998. Autoimmune-associated congenital heart block: demographics, mortality, morbidity and recurrence rates obtained from a National Neonatal Lupus Registry. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 31 (7), 1658–1666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buyon, J. P., et al., 2015. Predictors of pregnancy outcomes in patients with lupus: a cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 163 (3), 153–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carp, H. J., Selmi, C. and Shoenfeld, Y., 2012. The auto-immune bases of infertility and pregnancy loss. Journal of Autoimmunity, 38 (2–3), J266–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. 2022. Systemic lupuserythematosus (SLE). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2022 [Online]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/lupus/facts/detailed.html#:∼:text=Systemic%20lupus%20erythematosus%20(SLE)%2C,%2C%20kidneys%2C%20and%20blood%20vessels. [Accessed July 18 2022].
   Google Scholar
• Cerveira, I., et al., 2006. Lupus mastitis. Breast, 15 (5), 670–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervera, R., et al., 2015. Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 10-year period: a multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 74 (6), 1011–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakravarty, E. F., et al., 2005. Factors that predict prematurity and preeclampsia in pregnancies that are complicated by systemic lupus erythematosus. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 192 (6), 1897–1904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L. and Hu, R., 2011. Thyroid autoimmunity and miscarriage: a meta‐analysis. Clinical Endocrinology, 74 (4), 513–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiofalo, B., et al., 2017. Do miRNAs play a role in fetal growth restriction? A fresh look to a busy corner. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clowse, M. E., et al., 2008. A national study of the complications of lupus in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 199 (2), 127.e1–127.e6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clowse, M. E., et al., 2005. The impact of increased lupus activity on obstetric outcomes. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 52 (2), 514–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clowse, M. E., et al., 2013. Predictors of preterm birth in patients with mild systemic lupus erythematosus. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 72 (9), 1536–1539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clowse, M. E. B., et al., 2022. Hydroxychloroquine in the pregnancies of women with lupus: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lupus Science & Medicine, 9 (1), e000651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, L. A., et al., 2005. Birth weight and systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus, 14 (7), 526–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Cruz, D. P., et al., 1999. Anti-endothelial cell antibodies in systemic vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): effects of heat inactivation on binding and specificity. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 115 (3), 567–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derksen, R. H., 1991. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. Rheumatology International, 11 (3), 121–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deroux, A., et al., 2017. Female infertility and serum auto-antibodies: a systematic review. Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology, 53 (1), 78–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DO, S. C., et al., 2020. Does hydroxychloroquine protect against preeclampsia and preterm delivery in systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancies? American Journal of Perinatology, 37 (9), 873–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, Y. and Yu, J.-L., 2011. An overview of morbidity, mortality and long-term outcome of late preterm birth. World Journal of Pediatrics, 7 (3), 199–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doria, A., et al., 2002. Steroid hormones and disease activity during pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 47 (2), 202–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eudy, A., et al., 2018. Reasons for cesarean and medically indicated deliveries in pregnancies in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus, 27 (3), 351–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francella, A., et al., 2003. The safety of 6-mercaptopurine for childbearing patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. Gastroenterology, 124 (1), 9–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, D. M., Rupel, A. and Buyon, J. P., 2007. Epidemiology, etiology, detection, and treatment of autoantibody-associated congenital heart block in neonatal lupus. Current Rheumatology Reports, 9 (2), 101–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gardiner, S. J., et al., 2006. Exposure to thiopurine drugs through breast milk is low based on metabolite concentrations in mother‐infant pairs. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 62 (4), 453–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geggel, R. L., Tucker, L. and Szer, J., 1988. Postnatal progression from second-to third-degree heart block in neonatal lupus syndrome. The Journal of Pediatrics, 113 (6), 1049–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, R. L., et al., 2008. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet, 371 (9606), 75–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Guzmán, M., et al., 2014. Chronic hydroxychloroquine improves endothelial dysfunction and protects the kidney in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Hypertension, 64 (2), 330–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habibi, S., Saleem, M. A. and Ramanan, A. V., 2011. Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: review of clinical features and management. Indian Pediatrics, 48 (11), 879–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutter, D., Silverman, E. and Jaeggi, E., 2010. The benefits of transplacental treatment of isolated congenital complete heart block associated with maternal anti‐Ro/SSA antibodies: a review. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 72 (3), 235–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izmirly, P. M., et al., 2012. Maternal use of hydroxychloroquine is associated with a reduced risk of recurrent anti-SSA/Ro-antibody–associated cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus. Circulation, 126 (1), 76–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen, I., Helmig, R. and Stengaard-Pedersen, K., 2015. Maternal and foetal outcomes in pregnant systemic lupus erythematosus patients: an incident cohort from a stable referral population followed during 1990–2010. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 44 (5), 377–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayaprasad, N., Johnson, F. and Venugopal, K., 2006. Congenital complete heart block and maternal connective tissue disease. International Journal of Cardiology, 112 (2), 153–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julkunen, H. and Eronen, M., 2001. The rate of recurrence of isolated congenital heart block: a population‐based study. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 44 (2), 487–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khamashta, M. A., 2006. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology, 20 (4), 685–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. Y. and Lee, J. H., 2008. Prognosis of neonates in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Yonsei Medical Journal, 49 (4), 515–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, H. S., et al., 2011. Pregnancy outcomes and appropriate timing of pregnancy in 183 pregnancies in Korean patients with SLE. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 8 (7), 577–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer, M. S., et al., 2013. Maternal stress/distress, hormonal pathways and spontaneous preterm birth. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 27 (3), 237–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan, A. N., Sable, C. A. and Donofrio, M. T., 2008. Spectrum of fetal echocardiographic findings in fetuses of women with clinical or serologic evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal, 21 (11), 776–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laganà, A.S., et al., 2017. Decreased endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and increased natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood as possible early markers of preeclampsia: a case-control analysis. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 295 (4), 867–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahita, R. G., 1992. The effects of sex hormones on the immune system in pregnancy. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 28 (3–4), 136–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lateef, A. and Petri, M., 2017. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America, 43 (2), 215–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzaroni, M. G., et al., 2016. A comprehensive review of the clinical approach to pregnancy and systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal of Autoimmunity, 74, 106–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzerini, P. E., et al., 2004. Prolongation of the corrected QT interval in adult patients with anti‐Ro/SSA–positive connective tissue diseases. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 50 (4), 1248–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzerini, P. E., et al., 2007. Comparison of frequency of complex ventricular arrhythmias in patients with positive versus negative anti-Ro/SSA and connective tissue disease. The American Journal of Cardiology, 100 (6), 1029–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, L. A., 2005. Transient autoimmunity related to maternal autoantibodies: neonatal lupus. Autoimmunity Reviews, 4 (4), 207–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroux, M., et al., 2015. Impact of hydroxychloroquine on preterm delivery and intrauterine growth restriction in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a descriptive cohort study. Lupus, 24 (13), 1384–1391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian, X. J., et al., 2021. Fetal and maternal outcome in patients with active lupus nephritis: comparison between new-onset and pre-existing lupus nephritis. BMC Nephrology, 22 (1), 419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litsey, S. E., et al., 1985. Maternal connective tissue disease and congenital heart block: demonstration of immunoglobulin in cardiac tissue. The New England Journal of Medicine, 312 (2), 98–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., et al., 2012. Pregnancy in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective study of 111 pregnancies in Chinese women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 25, 261–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., et al., 2021. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on preeclampsia in lupus pregnancies: a propensity score-matched analysis and meta-analysis. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 303 (2), 435–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maleki, N. and Tavosi, Z., 2015. Evaluation of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in gestational diabetes mellitus and its relationship with postpartum thyroiditis. Diabetic Medicine, 32 (2), 206–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta, B., et al., 2019. Trends in maternal and fetal outcomes among pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus in the United States: a cross-sectional analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 171 (3), 164–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintz, G., et al., 1986. Prospective study of pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Results of a multidisciplinary approach. The Journal of Rheumatology, 13 (4), 732–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyachi, Y., et al., 1986. Antioxidant action of antimalarials. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 45 (3), 244–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molad, Y., et al., 2005. Maternal and fetal outcome of lupus pregnancy: a prospective study of 29 pregnancies. Lupus, 14 (2), 145–151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore, P. J., 1981. Maternal systemic lupus erythematosus associated with fetal congenital heart block. A case report. South African Medical Journal, 60 (7), 285–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moroni, G. and Ponticelli, C., 2016. Pregnancy in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). European Journal of Internal Medicine, 32, 7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagata, C., et al., 2006. Estrogen and α-fetoprotein levels in maternal and umbilical cord blood samples in relation to birth weight. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 15 (8), 1469–1472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namazy, J. A., et al., 2013. Effects of asthma severity, exacerbations and oral corticosteroids on perinatal outcomes. The European Respiratory Journal, 41 (5), 1082–1090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negro, R., et al., 2010. Universal screening versus case finding for detection and treatment of thyroid hormonal dysfunction during pregnancy. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 95 (4), 1699–1707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, C. T. and Mestman, J. H., 2019. Postpartum thyroiditis. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 62 (2), 359–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson, W. K., et al., 2006. Prevalence of postpartum thyroid dysfunction: a quantitative review. Thyroid, 16 (6), 573–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nørgård, B., et al., 2007. Therapeutic drug use in women with Crohn’s disease and birth outcomes: a Danish nationwide cohort study. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 102 (7), 1406–1413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ornoy, A., et al., 2003. The effects of antiphospholipid antibodies obtained from women with SLE/APS and associated pregnancy loss on rat embryos and placental explants in culture. Lupus, 12 (7), 573–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Othman, S., et al., 1990. A long‐term follow‐up of postpartum thyroiditis. Clinical Endocrinology, 32 (5), 559–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai, V. V., et al., 2014. A clinico-histopathological study of lupus vulgaris: a 3 year experience at a tertiary care centre. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 5 (4), 461–465.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park, J., et al., 2005. Role of cytokines in preterm labor and birth. Minerva Ginecologica, 57 (4), 349–366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petri, M., 1994. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy . Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America, 20 (1), 87–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petri, M., 2007. The Hopkins Lupus Pregnancy Center: ten key issues in management. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America, 33 (2), 227–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petri, M., 2020. Pregnancy and systemic lupus erythematosus. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 64, 24–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phuti, A., et al., 2020. The feeling of not being entitled to something: fertility, pregnancy, and sexuality among women with systemic lupus erythematosus in South Africa. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 49 (3), 214–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Research Registry. 2022. Available from: https://www.researchregistry.com/browse-the-registry#registryofsystematicreviewsmeta-analyses/registryofsystematicreviewsmeta-analysesdetails/6357bd836d5fd00022fec062/ [Accessed 14 Dec 2022].
   Google Scholar
• Riancho-Zarrabeitia, L., et al., 2022. Treatment with low-dose prednisone in refractory obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: a retrospective cohort study and meta-analysis. Lupus, 31 (7), 808–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigante, D. and Esposito, S., 2015. Infections and systemic lupus erythematosus: binding or sparring partners? International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16 (8), 17331–17343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, R. L., 2005. Drug-induced lupus. Toxicology, 209 (2), 135–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saavedra, M., et al., 2015. Azathioprine during pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus patients is not associated with poor fetal outcome. Clinical Rheumatology, 34 (7), 1211–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu, M. T., et al., 2010. Overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction among Indian pregnant women and its effect on maternal and fetal outcome. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 281 (2), 215–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleeb, S., et al., 1999. Comparison of treatment with fluorinated glucocorticoids to the natural history of autoantibody‐associated congenital heart block: retrospective review of the research registry for neonatal lupus. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 42 (11), 2335–2345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sau, A., et al., 2007. Azathioprine and breastfeeding—is it safe? BJOG, 114 (4), 498–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawada, T., Fujimori, D., and Yamamoto, Y., 2019. Systemic lupus erythematosus and immunodeficiency. Immunological Medicine, 42 (1), 1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz, N., Stock, A. D., and Putterman, C., 2019. Neuropsychiatric lupus: new mechanistic insights and future treatment directions. Nature Reviews. Rheumatology, 15 (3), 137–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, J. S., et al., 1983. Connective-tissue disease, antibodies to ribonucleoprotein, and congenital heart block. The New England Journal of Medicine, 309 (4), 209–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo, M., et al., 2019. Hydroxychloroquine treatment during pregnancy in lupus patients is associated with lower risk of preeclampsia. Lupus, 28 (6), 722–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim, L., et al., 2011. The effects of azathioprine on birth outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Journal of Crohn’s & Colitis, 5 (3), 234–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simard, J. F., et al., 2019. Preterm delivery phenotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancies. American Journal of Perinatology, 36 (9), 964–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirka, C. S., et al., 2021. Lupus vulgaris masquerading as tumorous growth. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 87 (4), 562–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth, A., et al., 2010. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 5 (11), 2060–2068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stagnaro-Green, A., 2009. Maternal thyroid disease and preterm delivery. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 94 (1), 21–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stagnaro-Green, A., 2012. Approach to the patient with postpartum thyroiditis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 97 (2), 334–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tincani, A., et al., 2006. Pregnancy, lupus and antiphospholipid syndrome (Hughes syndrome). Lupus, 15 (3), 156–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toijonen, A. E., et al., 2020. A comparison of risk factors for breech presentation in preterm and term labor: a nationwide, population-based case–control study. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 301 (2), 393–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voltolini, C., et al., 2013. Understanding spontaneous preterm birth: from underlying mechanisms to predictive and preventive interventions. Reproductive Sciences, 20 (11), 1274–1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, S., et al., 2017. Systemic lupus erythematosus and risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lupus, 26 (6), 563–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen, S. Y., et al., 2008. Pregnancy outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is improving: results from a case control study and literature review. The Open Rheumatology Journal, 2, 89–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar