48
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Thyroid disorders and pregnancy

&
Pages 509-515 | Published online: 02 Jul 2009

  • Ain K.B., Mori Y. and Refetoff S. (1987) Reduced clearance rate of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) with increased sialylation: a mechanism for estrogen-induced elevation of serum TBG concetration. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 65, 686-696.
  • Amino N., Miyai K., Yamamoto T., Kuro R. and Tanaka F. (1977) Transient recurrence of hyperthyroidism after delivery in Graves' disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 44, 130-136.
  • Becks G.P. and Burrow G.N. (1991) Thyroid disease and pregnancy. Medical Clinics of North America, 120-150.
  • Bishnoi A. and Sachmechi 1. (1996) Thyroid disease during pregnancy. American Family Physician, 53, 215-220.
  • Bruinse H.W., Vermeulen-Meiners C. and Wit J.M. (1988) Fetal treatment for thyrotoxicosis in nonthyrotoxic pregnant women. Fetal Therapy, 3, 152-157.
  • Bruner J., Landon M.B. and Gabbe S.G. (1988) Diabetes mellitus and Graves' disease in pregnancy complicated by maternal allergies to antithyroid medication. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 72, 443-445.
  • Burrow G.N. (1985) The management of thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine, 313, 562565.
  • Burrow G.N. (1989) Thyroid Function and Disease, p. 292. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders.
  • Cheron R.G., Kaplan M.M., Larsen P.R., Selenkow H.A. and Crigler J.F. (1981) Neonatal thyroid function after propylthiuracil therapy for maternal Graves' disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 304, 525-528.
  • Cooper D.S. (1987) Antithyroid drugs: to breast feed or not to breast feed. America Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 157, 234-235.
  • Cooper D.S., Goldminz D., Levin A.A., Ladenson P.W., Daniels G.H., Molitch M.E. and Ridgway E.C. (1983) Agranulocytosis associated with antithyroid drugs: effects of patient's age and drug dose. Annals of Internal Medicine, 98, 26-29.
  • Davidson K., Richards D., Schatz D. and Fisher D. (1991) Successful in utero treatment of fetal goiter and hypothyroidism. New England Journal of Medicine, 324, 543546.
  • Davis L.E., Lucas M.J., Hankins G.D.V., Roark M.L., Cunningham F.G. (1989) Thyrotoxicosis complicating pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 160, 63-70.
  • Easterling T.R., Schumcker B.C., Carlson K.L., Millard S.P. and Benedetti T.J. (1991) Maternal hemodynamics in pregnancies complicated by hyperthyroidism. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 78, 348-352.
  • Emerson C.H. (1992) Thyroid disease during and after pregnancy. In The Thyroid, edited by Braverman L.E. and Utiger R.D. Sixth edition, pp. 1263-1279. New York, Lippincott.
  • Gerstein H.C. (1993) Incidence of postpartum thyroid dysfunction in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine, 118, 419-423.
  • Ghaneim A. and Atkins P. (1998) Management of thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 52, 36-38.
  • Glinoer D. (1997) The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy. Pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology. Endocrine Reviews, 18, 404-433.
  • Glinoer D., Riahi M., Grun J.P. and Kinthaert J. (1994) Risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnant women with asymptomatic autoimmune thyroid disorders. Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 79, 97-204.
  • Hershman J.M., Lee H.Y., Sugawara M., Mirell C.J., Pang X.P., Yanagisawa M. and Pekary A.E. (1988) Human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates iodide uptake, adenylate cyclase and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in cultured rat thyroid cells. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 67, 74-79.
  • Hod M., Sharony R., Friedman S. and Ovadia J. (1989) Pregnancy and thyroid carcinoma: a review of incidence, course, and prognosis. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 44, 774-779.
  • Jansson R., Dahlberg P.A., Winsa B., Meirik O., Safwenberg J. and Karlsson A. (1987) The postpartum period constitutes an important risk for the development of clinical Graves' disease in young women. Acta Endocrinologica Supplement (Copenhagagen), 116, 321-325.
  • Jansson R., Dahlberg P.A. and Karlsson F.A. (1988) Postpartum thyroiditis. Baillieres Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2, 619-635.
  • Jovanovic-Peterson L. and Peterson C.M. (1988) De novo clinical hypothyroidism in pregnancies complicated by Type I diabetes, subclinical hypothyroidism, and proteinuria: a new syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 159, 442-446.
  • Kamijo K., Saito T., Sato M., Yachi A., Mukai A., Fukusi M. and Takasugi N. (1990) Transient subclinical hypothyroidism in early pregnancy. Endocrinologia Japanica, 37, 397-403.
  • Kaplan M.M. (1992) Monitoring thyroxine therapy treatment during pregnancy. Thyroid, 2, 147-152.
  • Khoury M.J., Becerra J.E. and d'Almada P.J. (1989) Maternal thyroid disease and risk of birth defects in offspring: a population based control study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 3, 402-420.
  • Klein R.Z., Haddow J.E., Faix J.D., Brown R.S., Hermos R.J., Pulkinen A. and Mitchell M.L. (1991) Prevalence of thyroid deficiency in pregnant women. Clinical Endocrinology, 35, 41-46.
  • Lamberg B.A., Ikonen E., Teramo K. Wager G., Osterlund K., Makinen T. and Pekonen F. (1981) Treatment of maternal hyperthyroidism with antithyroid agents and changes in thyrotropin and thyroxine in the new-born. Acta Endocrinologica, 97, 186-195.
  • Learoyd D.L., Fung H.Y.M. and McGregor A.M. (1992) Postpartum thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid, 2, 73-80.
  • Lejeune B., Grun J.P., DeNayer P.H., Servais G. and Glinoer D. (1993)Antithyroid antibodies underlying thyroid abnormalities and miscarriage or pregnancy induced hypertension. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 100, 669-672.
  • Leung A.S., Millar L.K., Koonings P.P., Montoro M. and Mestman J.H. (1993) Perinatal outcome in hypothyroid pregnancies. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 81,349-353.
  • Liu H., Momotani N., Noh J.Y., Ishikawa N., Takebe R. and Ito K. (1994) Maternal hypothyroidism during early pregnancy and intellectual development of the progeny. Archives of Internal Medicine, 154, 785-787.
  • Lowe T.W. and Cunningham F.G. (1991) Pregnancy and thyroid disease. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 34, 72-81.
  • Mandel S.J., Larsen P.R., Seely E.W. and Brent G.A. (1990) Increased need for thyroxine during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. New England Journal of Medicine, 323, 91-96.
  • McKenzie J.M. and Zakarija M. (1992) Fetal and neonatal hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism due to maternal TSH receptor antibodies. Thyroid, 2, 155-159.
  • Messer P., Hauffa B., Olbricht T., Benker G., Kotuila P. and Reinwein D. (1990) Antithyroid drug treatment of disease in pregnancy: long-term effects on somatic growth, intellectual development and thyroid function of the offspring. Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen), 123, 311-316.
  • Mestman J.H. (1991) Severe hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. In: Critical C. are Obstetrics, edited by Clark S.L., Cotton D.B., Hankins G.D.V. and Phelan J.D., second edition, pp. 307-328. London, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
  • Mestman J.H., Goodwin T.M. and Montoro M.M. (1995) Thyroid disorders of pregnancy. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North American, 24, 41-71.
  • Momotani N., Noh J., Oyanagi H., Isikawa N. and Ito K. (1986) Antithyroid drug therapy for Graves' disease during pregnancy: optimal regimen for fetal thyroid status. New England Journal of Medicine, 315, 24-28.
  • Othman S., Phillips D.I.W., Parkers A.B., Parkes A.B., Richards C.J., Harris B., Kung H., Darke C., John R., Hall R. and Lazarus J.H. (1990) A long term follow up of postpartum thyroiditis. Clinical Endocrinology, 32, 559-564.
  • Porreco R.P. and Bloch C.A. (1990) Fetal blood sampling in the management of intrauterine thyrotoxicosis. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 76, 509-512.
  • Pruyn S.C., Phelan J.P. and Buchanan G.C. (1979) Long term propanolol therapy in pregnancy; maternal and fetal outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 135, 485-489.
  • Rasmusen N., Hornnes P. and Hegedus L. (1989) Ultrasonographically determined thyroid size in pregnancy and post partum: the goitrogenic effect of pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 160, 1216-1220.
  • Rosen I.B. and Walfish P.G. (1986) Pregnancy as a predisposing factor in thyroid neoplasia. Archives of Surgery, 121, 1287-1290.
  • Rosove M.H. (1977) Agranulocytosis and antithyroid drugs. Western Journal of Medicine, 126, 339-343.
  • Seely B.L. and Burrow G.N. (1991) Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy. Endocrinologist, 1, 409-417.
  • Singh A., Dantas Z.N., Stone S.C. and Asch R.H. (1995) Presence of thyroid antibodies in early reproductive failure: biochemical versus clinical prenancies. Fertility and Sterility, 63, 277-281.
  • Stagnaro-Green A. (1993) Postpartum thyroiditis: prevalence, etiology and clinical implications. Thyroid Today, 16, 1-11.
  • Stagnaro-Green A., Roman S.H., Cobin R.H., El-Harary E., Alvarez-Marfany M. and Davies T.F. (1990) Detection of at-risk pregnancy by means of highly sensitive assays for thyroid autoantibodies. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 1422-1425.
  • Van Dijke C.P., Heydendaei R.J. and DeKleine M.J. (1987) Methimazole, carbimazole, and congenital skin defects. Annals of Internal Medicine, 106, 60-61.
  • Vanderpump M.P.J., Ahlquist J.A.O., Franklyn J.A. and Clayton R.N. (1996) Consensus statement for good practice and audit measures in the management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. British Medical Journal, 313, 539-544.
  • Walfish P.G. and Chan J.Y.S. (1985) Postpartum hyperthyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 14, 417-447.
  • Wasserstrum N. and Anania C. A. (1995) Perinatal consequenses of maternal hypothyroidism in early pregnancy and inadequate replacement. Clinical Endocrinology, 42, 353-358.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.