Support features, psychological reactance, and support outcomes: evaluating social network support for friends and daters

References

• Bodie, G. D. (2013). Supportive and persuasive communication: Theoretical intersections. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 237–255). Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Bodie, G. D., & Burleson, B. R. (2008). Explaining variations in the effects of supportive messages a dual-process framework. Annals of the International Communication Association, 32(1), 355–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2008.11679082
   Google Scholar
• Bodie, G. D., Burleson, B. R., Holmstrom, A. J., McCullough, J. D., Rack, J. J., Hanasono, L. K., & Rosier, J. G. (2011). Effects of cognitive complexity and emotional upset on processing supportive messages: Two tests of a dual-process theory of supportive communication outcomes. Human Communication Research, 37(3), 350–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2011.01405.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological reactance. Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brisini, K. S., & Solomon, D. H. (2020). Building expertise: Effects of experience claims on responses to advice. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 39(3), 375–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X20911978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brisini, K. S., Solomon, D. H., & Tian, X. (2021). Relational turbulence and openness to social network support for marital conflicts. Western Journal of Communication, 86(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2021.1994638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, S. C., Mason, C. A., Lombard, J. L., Martinez, F., Plater-Zyberk, E., Spokane, A. R., Newman, F. L., Pantin, H., & Szapocznik, J. (2009). The relationship of built environment to perceived social support and psychological distress in Hispanic elders: The role of “eyes on the street”. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 64B(2), 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbn011
   Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R. (1982). The development of comforting communication skills in childhood and adolescence. Child Development, 53(6), 1578–1588. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130086
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R. (2009). Understanding the outcomes of supportive communication: A dual-process approach. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509105519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R., & Goldsmith, D. J. (1997). How the comforting process works: Alleviating emotional distress through conversationally induced reappraisals. In P. A. Andersen & L. K. Guerrero (Eds.), Handbook of communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications, and contexts (pp. 245–280). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R., Holmstrom, A. J., & Gilstrap, C. M. (2005). Guys can’t say that to guys”: Four experiments assessing the normative motivation account for deficiencies in the emotional support provided by men. Communication Monographs, 72(4), 468–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750500322636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R., & MacGeorge, E. L. (2002). Supportive communication. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (3rd ed., pp. 374–424). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, L., Simpson, J. A., Boldry, J., & Kashy, D. A. (2005). Perceptions of conflict and support in romantic relationships: The role of attachment anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(3), 510–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadwick, K. A., & Collins, P. A. (2015). Examining the relationship between social support availability, urban center size, and self-perceived mental health of recent immigrants to Canada: A mixed-methods analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 128, 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.01.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, P. S., Saucier, D. A., & Hafner, E. (2010). Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(6), 624–645. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, R. A., Pierce, A. J., Finn, K., Hsu, K., Toosley, A., & Williams, L. (1998). The impact of alternative approaches to comforting, closeness of relationship, and gender on multiple measures of effectiveness. Communication Studies, 49(3), 224–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510979809368533
   Google Scholar
• Crowley, J. L., & High, A. C. (2020). Effects of provider identity and locus of supportive conversation on coping with an identity-threatening stressor. Communication Research, 47(4), 487–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219855906
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutrona, C. E., Shaffer, P. A., Wesner, K. A., & Gardner, K. A. (2007). Optimally matching support and perceived spousal sensitivity. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(4), 754–758. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deelstra, J. T., Peeters, M. C. W., Schaufeli, W. B., Stroebe, W., Zijlstra, F. R. H., & van Doornen, L. P. (2003). Receiving instrumental support at work: When help is not welcome. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 324–331. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibble, J. L., Levine, T. R., & Park, H. S. (2012). The unidimensional relationship closeness scale (URCS): Reliability and validity evidence for a new measure of relationship closeness. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 565–572. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2005). On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72(2), 144–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750500111815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barnett, C. L. (2003). The relational context of social support: Relationship satisfaction moderates the relations between enacted support and distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1133–1146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203254545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, D., & MacGeorge, E. (2000). The impact of politeness and relationship on perceived quality of advice about a problem. Human Communication Research, 26(2), 234–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00757.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamarat, E., Thompson, D., Zabrucky, K. M., Steele, D., Matheny, K. B., & Aysan, F. (2001). Perceived stress and coping resource availability as predictors of life satisfaction in young, middle-aged, and older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 27(2), 181–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/036107301750074051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• High, A. C., & Dillard, J. P. (2012). A review and meta-analysis of person-centered messages and social support outcomes. Communication Studies, 63(1), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2011.598208
   Google Scholar
• High, A. C., & Solomon, D. H. (2014). Communication channel, sex, and the immediate and longitudinal outcomes of verbal person-centered support. Communication Monographs, 81(4), 439–468. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2014.933245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmstrom, A. J., Bodie, G. D., Burleson, B. R., McCullough, J. D., Rack, J. J., Hanasono, L. K., & Rosier, J. G. (2015). Testing a dual-process theory of supportive communication outcomes: How multiple factors influence outcomes in support situations. Communication Research, 42(4), 526–546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650213476293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmstrom, A. J., Burleson, B. R., & Jones, S. M. (2005). Some consequences for helpers who deliver “cold comfort”: Why it’s worse for women than men to be inept when providing emotional support. Sex Roles, 53(3), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-5676-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S., O’Keefe, D. J., Jacobs, S., & Brashers, D. E. (1989). Messages as replications: Toward a message‐centered design strategy. Communication Monographs, 56(4), 364–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758909390270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, S. M., & Burleson, B. R. (1997). The impact of situational variables on helpers’ perceptions of comforting messages: An attributional analysis. Communication Research, 24(5), 530–555. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365097024005004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, S. M., & Burleson, B. R. (2003). Effects of helper and recipient sex on the experience and outcomes of comforting messages: An experimental investigation. Sex Roles, 48(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022393827581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, S. M., & Wirtz, J. G. (2006). How does the comforting process work? An empirical test of an appraisal-based model of comforting. Human Communication Research, 32(3), 217–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2006.00274.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaul, M., & Lakey, B. (2003). Where is the support in perceived support? The role of generic relationship satisfaction and enacted support in perceived support’s relation to low distress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(1), 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.22.1.59.22761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knobloch, L. K., & Donovan-Kicken, E. (2006). Perceived involvement of network members in courtships: A test of the relational turbulence model. Personal Relationships, 13(3), 281–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00118.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lackenbauer, S. D., Campbell, L., Rubin, H., Fletcher, G. J. O., & Troister, T. (2010). The unique and combined benefits of accuracy and positive bias in relationships. Personal Relationships, 17(3), 475–493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01282.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakey, B., & Cassady, P. B. (1990). Cognitive processes in perceived social support. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(2), 337–343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.2.337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakey, B., & Drew, J. B. (1997). A social-cognitive perspective on social support. In G. R. Pierce, B. Lakey, I. G. Sarason, & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Sourcebook of theory and research on social support and personality. Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Lakey, B., & Lutz, C. J. (1996). Social support and preventive and therapeutic interventions. In G. R. Pierce, B. R. Sarason, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Handbook of Social Support and the family. The Springer series on stress and coping (pp. 435–465). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1388-3_18
   Google Scholar
• MacGeorge, E. L., Feng, B., & Burleson, B. R. (2011). Supportive communication. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), The sage handbook of interpersonal communication (4th ed., pp. 317–354). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• MacGeorge, E. L., Feng, B., Butler, G. L., & Budarz, S. K. (2004). Understanding advice in supportive interactions. Human Communication Research, 30(1), 42–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00724.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGeorge, E. L., Gillihan, S. J., Samter, W., & Clark, R. A. (2003). Skill deficit or differential motivation?: Testing alternative explanations for gender differences in the provision of emotional support. Communication Research, 30(3), 272–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203030003002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGeorge, E. L., Guntzviller, L. M., Brisini, K. S., Bailey, L. C., Salmon, S. K., Severen, K., Branch, S. E., Lillie, H. M., Lindley, C. K., Pastor, R. G., & Cummings, R. D. (2017). The influence of emotional support quality on advice evaluation and outcomes. Communication Quarterly, 65(1), 80–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2016.1176945
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGeorge, E. L., Lichtman, R. M., & Pressey, L. C. (2002). The evaluation of advice in supportive interactions: Facework and contextual factors. Human Communication Research, 28(3), 451–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00815.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melrose, K. L., Brown, G. D. A., & Wood, A. M. (2015). When is received social support related to perceived support and well-being? When it is needed. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metts, S., Geist, P., & Gray, J. L. (1994). The role of relationship characteristics in the provision and effectiveness of supportive messages among nursing professionals. In B. R. Burleson, T. L. Albrecht, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Communication of social support: Messages, interactions, relationships, and community (pp. 229–246). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2009). An attachment and behavioral systems perspective on social support. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26(1), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509105518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paik, J. E. (2020). The contextual effects of advice solicitation on advice outcomes: The role of perceived face threats and psychological reactance. Communication Monographs, 87(1), 70–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2019.1641729
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rack, J. J., Burleson, B. R., Bodie, G. D., Holmstrom, A. J., & Servaty-Seib, H. (2008). Bereaved adults’ evaluations of grief management messages: Effects of message person centeredness, recipient individual differences, and contextual factors. Death Studies, 32(5), 399–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180802006711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rini, C., & Schetter, C. D. (2010). The effectiveness of social support attempts in intimate relationships. In K. T. Sullivan & J. Davila (Eds.), Support processes in intimate relationships (pp. 26–67). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, B. D., & Siegel, J. T. (2018). A 50-year review of psychological reactance theory: Do not read this article. Motivation Science, 4(4), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000091
   Google Scholar
• Rueger, S. Y., Malecki, C. K., & Demaray, M. K. (2008). Gender differences in the relationship between perceived social support and student adjustment during early adolescence. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(4), 496–514. https://doi.org/10.1037/1045-3830.23.4.496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servaty-Seib, H. L., & Burleson, B. R. (2007). Bereaved adolescents’ evaluations of the helpfulness of support-intended statements: Associations with person centeredness and demographic, personality, and contextual factors. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(2), 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507075411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvia, P. J. (2006). Reactance and the dynamics of disagreement: Multiple paths from threatened freedom to resistance to persuasion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(5), 673–685. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, D. H., Knobloch, L. K., Theiss, J. A., & McLaren, R. M. (2016). Relational turbulence theory: Explaining variation in subjective experiences and communication within romantic relationships. Human Communication Research, 42(4), 507–532. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510395592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian, X., Solomon, D. H., & Brisini, K. S. (2020). How the comforting process fails.
   Google Scholar
• Tian, X., Solomon, D. H., & Brisini, K. S. C. (2020). How the comforting process fails: Psychological reactance to support messages. Journal of Communication, 70(1), 13–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqz040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tramonti, F., Gerini, A., & Stampacchia, G. (2015). Relationship quality and perceived social support in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 53(2), 120–124. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2014.229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uno, D., Uchino, B. N., & Smith, T. W. (2002). Relationship quality moderates the effect of social support given by close friends on cardiovascular reactivity in women. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 9(3), 243–262. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327558IJBM0903_06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walen, H. R., & Lachman, M. E. (2000). Social support and strain from partner, family, and friends: Costs and benefits for men and women in adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(1), 5–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407500171001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., & Burleson, B. R. (2004). The association of experienced spousal support with marital satisfaction: Evaluating the moderating effects of sex, ethnic culture, and type of support. Journal of Family Communication, 4(2), 123–145. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327698jfc0402_3
   Google Scholar
• Yan, L. (2018). Good intentions, bad outcomes: The effects of mismatches between social support and health outcomes in an online weight loss community. Production and Operations Management, 27(1), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q., & Sapp, D. A. (2013). Psychological reactance and resistance intention in the classroom: Effects of perceived request politeness and legitimacy, relationship distance, and teacher credibility. Communication Education, 62(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2012.727008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimet, G. D., Powell, S. S., Farley, G. K., Werkman, S., & Berkoff, K. A. (1990). Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(3–4), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.1990.9674095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar