REFERENCES
- Anderson D., Jenkinson P. C., Dewdeney R. S., Franis A. J., Godbert P., Butterworth K. R. Chromosome aberrations, mitogen-induced blastogenesis and proliferative rate index in peripheral lymphocytes from 106 control individuals of U.K. population. Mutat. Res. 1988; 204: 407–420, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Bal F., Sahin F. I., Yirmibes M., Balcý A., Menevse S. The in vitro effect of b-carotene and mitomycin C on SCE frequency in Down's syndrome lymphocyte cultures. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 1998; 184: 295–300, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Castelli M., Malagoli M., Ruberto A. I., Baggio A., Casolari C., Cermelli C., Bossa M. R., Rossi T., Paolucci F., Roffia S. In-vitro studies of two 5-nitroimidazole derivatives. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1997; 40: 19–25, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Çelik A., Akbaş E. Evaluation of sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberration frequencies in peripheral blood lymphocytes of gasoline station attendants. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety. 2005; 60: 106–112, [CROSSREF]
- Cohen S. M., Ertürk E., Von Esch A. M., Crovetti A. J., Bryan J. T. Carcinogenicity of 5-nitrofurans, 5-nitroimidazoles, 4-nitrobenzenes and related compounds. J. N. C. I. 1973; 51: 403–417
- Connor T. H., Stoeckel M., Evrard J., Legator M. S. The contribution of metronidazole and two metabolities to the mutagenic activity detected in urine of treated humans and mice. Cancer Res. 1977; 37: 629–633, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Dayan J., Crajer M. C., Deguingand S. Mutagenic activity of 4 active-principle forms of pharmaceutical drugs. Comparative study in the Salmonella typhimurium microsome test and the HGPRT and Na+ /K+ ATPase systems in cultured mammalian cells. Mutat. Res. 1982; 102: 1–12, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- De Meo M., Vanelle P., Bernardi E., Laget M., Maldonado J., Jentzer O., Crozet M. P., Dumenil G. Evaluation of mutagenic and genotoxic activities of 48 nitroimidazoles and related imidazole derivatives by the Ames test and the SOS chromotest. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 1992; 19: 167–170, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Dobiaš L., Cerná M., Rösner P., Šrám R. Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of metronidazole. Mutat. Res. 1994; 317: 177–194
- Edwards D. I. Nitroimidazole drug-resistance mechanisms. Mechanisms of action. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1993; 31: 9–20, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Elizondo G., Gonsebatt M. E., Salazar A. M., Lares I., Herrera J., Hong E., Osrowsky-Weigman P. Genotoxic effects of metronidazole. Mutat. Res. 1996; 370: 75–80, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Espinosa-Aquirre J. J., Torre R. A., Lares I., Rubio J., Dorado V., Wong M., Hernández J. J. Bacterial mutagens in the urine of patients under tinidazole treatnent. Mutat. Res. 1996; 359: 133–140
- Ferreiro G. R., Badías L. C., Nigro-Lopez M., Palermo A., Mudry M., Elio G. P., Carballo A. M. DNA single strand break in peripheral blood lymphocytes induced by three nitroimidazole derivatives. Toxicol. Lett. 2002; 132: 109–115, [CROSSREF]
- Hartley-Asp B. Metronidazole exhibits no cytogenetic effect in the micronucleus test in mice or on human lymphocytes. Mutat. Res. 1979; 67: 193–196, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Ivett J. L., Tice R. R. Average generation time: a new method of analysis and quantitation of cellular proliferation kinetics. Environ. Mutagen. 1982; 4: 358
- Knight R. C., Solimowsky I. M., Edwards D. I. The interaction of reduced metronidazole with DNA. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1978; 27: 2089–2093, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Lambert B., Lindblad A. The effects of metronidazole on the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. Mutat. Res. 1980; 74: 230
- Lambert B., Lindblad A., Ringborg U. Absence of genotoxic effects of metronidazole and its urinary metabolites on human lymphocytes in vitro. Mutat. Res. 1979; 67: 281–287, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Lamp K. C., Freeman C. D., Klutman N. E., Lacy M. K. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nitroimidazole antimicrobials. Clin. Pharmacol. 1999; 36: 353–375, [CROSSREF]
- López-Nigro M. M., Palermo A. M., Mudry M. D., Carballo M. A. Cytogenetic evaluation of two nitroimidazole derivatives. Toxicol. in Vitro. 2003; 17: 35–40, [CROSSREF]
- Ludlum D. B., Colinas R. J., Kirk M. C., Metha J. R. Reaction of reduced metronidazole with guanosine to form an unstable adduct. Carcinogenesis 1988; 9: 593–596, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Mahood J. S., Wilson R. L. Failure to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) with metronidazole. Toxicol. Lett. 1981; 8: 359–361, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Martelli A., Allavena A., Robbiano L., Mattioli F., Giovanni B. Comparison of sensitivity of human and rat hepatocytes to genotoxic effects of metronidazole. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1990; 66: 329–334, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Martinez-Palamo A., Espinoza-Castellano M. Amoebiasis: new understanding and new goals. Parasitol. Today. 1998; 14: 1–3, [CROSSREF]
- Moorhead P. S., Novell W. J., Wellman D. M., Batlips D., Hungerford A. Chromosome preparations of leucocytes cultured from peripheral blood. Exp. Cell. Res. 1960; 20: 613–616, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Mudry M. D., Carballo M., Labal De Vinuesa M., Gonzáles Cid M., Larripa I. Mutagenic bioassay of certain pharmacological drugs: III Metronidazole (MTZ). Mutat. Res. 1994; 305: 127–132, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Mudry M., Martinez-Flores I., Palermo A., Carballo M. A., Egozcue J., García Caldés M. Embryolethality induced by metronidazole (MTZ) in Rattus norvegicus. Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen. 2001; 21: 197–205, [CROSSREF]
- Neal S. B., Probst G. S. Chemically-induced sister chromatid exchange in vivo in bone marrow of Chinese hamsters: an evaluation of 24 compounds. Mutat. Res. 1983; 113: 33–43, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Neal S. B., Probst G. S. Assessment of sister chromatid exchange in spermatogonia and intestinal epithelium in Chinese hamster. Basic Life Sci 1984; 29: 613–628, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Painter R. B. A replication model for sister-chromatid exchange. Mutat. Res. 1980; 70: 37–341
- Perry P., Wolff S. New Giemsa method for the differential staining of sister chromatids. Nature 1974; 251: 156–158, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Ré J. L., De Meo M. P., Laget M., Guiraud H., Castegnaro M., Vanelle P., Duménil G. Evaluation of the genotoxic activity of metronidazole and dimetridazole in human lymphocytes by the comet assay. Mutat. Res. 1997; 375: 147–155
- Reitz M., Rumpf M., Knitza R. DNA single strand-breaks in lymphocytes after metronidazole. Arzneimittelforschung 1991; 41: 155–156, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Scott D., Galloway S., Marshall R., Ishidate M., Brusick D., Ashby J., Myhr B. Genotoxicity under extreme culture conditions. Mutat. Res. 1991; 257: 147–205, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Tocher J. H., Edwards D. I. Evidence for the direct interaction of reduced metronidazole derivatives with DNA bases. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1994; 48: 1089–1094, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Trinh S., Reysset G. Mutagenic action of nitroimidazoles: in vivo induction of GC → CG transversion in two Bacteroides fragilis reporter genes. Mutat. Res. 1998; 398: 55–65, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Tucker J. D., Preston R. J. Chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, aneuploidy, sister chromatid exchange, and cancer risk assessment. Mutat. Res. 1996; 365: 147–159, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Voogd C. E. On the mutagenicity of nitroimidazole. Mutat. Res. 1981; 86: 243–277, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Walsh J. S., Wang R., Bagan E., Wang C. C., Wislocki P., Miwa G. T. Structural alterations that differentially affect the mutagenic and antitrichomonal activities of 5-nitroimidazoles. J. Med. Chem. 1987; 30: 150–156, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]