1,002
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Dietary Intake, Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Lifestyle-Related Factors in People with Schizophrenia

, PhDORCID Icon, , PhDORCID Icon, , PhDORCID Icon, , PhDORCID Icon, , PhDORCID Icon, , PhDORCID Icon, , BMedSc, PhD & , PhD show all

References

  • Alberti, K. G., Zimmet, P., & Shaw, J. (2005). The metabolic syndrome: A new worldwide definition. Lancet, 366(9491), 1059–1062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67402-8
  • Amani, R. (2007). Is dietary pattern of schizophrenia patients different from healthy subjects? BMC Psychiatry, 7(1), 15. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-7-15
  • American College of Sports Medicine. (2016). ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-5 (5th ed.). London, UK: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Archie, S. M., Goldberg, J. O., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Landeen, J., McColl, L., & McNiven, J. (2007). Psychotic disorders, eating habits, and physical activity: Who is ready for lifestyle changes? Psychiatric Services, 58(2), 233–239. doi: 10.1176/ps.2007.58.2.233
  • Arrojo-Romero, M., Armas Barbazán, C., López-Moriñigo, J. D., Ramos-Ríos, R., Gurpegui, M., Martínez-Ortega, J. M., … de Leon, J. (2015). Caffeine consumption in a long-term psychiatric hospital: Tobacco smoking may explain in large part the apparent association between schizophrenia and caffeine use. Schizophrenia Research, 164(1–3), 234–241. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.042
  • Babor, T., Higgins-Biddle, J., Saunders, J., & Monteiro, M. (2001). The alcohol use disorders identification test: Guidelines for use in primary care (2nd ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
  • Black, A. E. (2000). Critical evaluation of energy intake using the Goldberg cut-off for energy intake: Basal metabolic rate. A practical guide to its calculation, use and limitations. International Journal of Obesity, 24(9), 1119–1130. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801376
  • Blouin, M., Tremblay, A., Jalbert, M.-E., Venables, H., Bouchard, R.-H., Roy, M.-A., & Alméras, N. (2008). Adiposity and eating behaviors in patients under second generation antipsychotics. Obesity, 16(8), 1780–1787. doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.277
  • Bobes, J., Arango, C., Garcia-Garcia, M., & Rejas, J. (2010). Healthy lifestyle habits and 10-year cardiovascular risk in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: An analysis of the impact of smoking tobacco in the CLAMORS schizophrenia cohort. Schizophrenia Research, 119(1–3), 101–109. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.1030
  • Bonfioli, E., Berti, L., Goss, C., Muraro, F., & Burti, L. (2012). Health promotion lifestyle interventions for weight management in psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1), 78. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-12-78
  • Brown, S., Birtwistle, J., Roe, L., & Thompson, C. (1999). The unhealthy lifestyle of people with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 29(3), 697–701. doi: 10.1017/S0033291798008186
  • Brown, S., Inskip, H., & Barraclough, B. (2000). Causes of the excess mortality of schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 177, 212–217. doi: 10.1192/bjp.177.3.212
  • Brown, S., Kim, M., Mitchell, C., & Inskip, H. (2010). Twenty-five year mortality of a community cohort with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(2), 116–121. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.067512
  • Bruins, J., Jorg, F., Bruggeman, R., Slooff, C., Corpeleijn, E., & Pijnenborg, M. (2014). The effects of lifestyle interventions on (long-term) weight management, cardiometabolic risk and depressive symptoms in people with psychotic disorders: A meta-analysis. PLoS One, 9(12), e112276. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112276
  • Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
  • Centorrino, F., Wurtman, J. J., Duca, K. A., Fellman, V. H., Fogarty, K. V., Berry, J. M., … Baldessarini, R. J. (2006). Weight loss in overweight patients maintained on atypical antipsychotic agents. International Journal of Obesity, 30(6), 1011–1016. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803222
  • Chao, A. M., White, M. A., Grilo, C. M., & Sinha, R. (2017). Examining the effects of cigarette smoking on food cravings and intake, depressive symptoms, and stress. Eating Behaviours, 24, 61–65. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.12.009
  • Chuang, H. T., Mansell, C., & Patten, S. B. (2008). Lifestyle characteristics of psychiatric outpatients. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(4), 260–266. doi: 10.1177/070674370805300407
  • Cohrs, S. (2008). Sleep disturbances in patients with schizophrenia: Impact and effect of antipsychotics. CNS Drugs, 22(11), 939–962. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200822110-00004
  • Correll, C. U., Solmi, M., Veronese, N., Bortolato, B., Rosson, S., Santonastaso, P., … Stubbs, B. (2017). Prevalence, incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with pooled and specific severe mental illness: A large-scale meta-analysis of 3,211,768 patients and 113,383,368 controls. World Psychiatry, 16(2), 163–180. doi: 10.1002/wps.20420
  • Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjöström, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., … Oja, P. (2003). International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(8), 1381–1395. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
  • Crispim, S. P., Geelen, A., de Vries, J. H. M., Freisling, H., Souverein, O. W., Hulshof, P. J. M., … Slimani, N. (2012). Bias in protein and potassium intake collected with 24-h recalls (EPIC-Soft) is rather comparable across European populations. European Journal of Nutrition, 51(8), 997–1010. doi: 10.1007/s00394-011-0279-z
  • Cuerda, C., Merchan-Naranjo, J., Velasco, C., Gutierrez, A., Leiva, M., de Castro, M. J., … Arango, C. (2011). Influence of resting energy expenditure on weight gain in adolescents taking second-generation antipsychotics. Clinical Nutrition, 30(5), 616–623. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.03.007
  • Cuerda, C., Velasco, C., Merchan-Naranjo, J., Garcia-Peris, P., & Arango, C. (2014). The effects of second-generation antipsychotics on food intake, resting energy expenditure and physical activity. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68(2), 146–152. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.253
  • Daumit, G. L., Dickerson, F. B., Wang, N.-Y., Dalcin, A., Jerome, G. J., Anderson, C. A. M., … Appel, L. J. (2013). A behavioral weight-loss intervention in persons with serious mental illness. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(17), 1594–1602. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1214530
  • De Hert, M., Cohen, D. A. N., Bobes, J., Cetkovich-Bakmas, M., Leucht, S., Ndetei, D. M., … Correll, C. U. (2011). Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. II. Barriers to care, monitoring and treatment guidelines, plus recommendations at the system and individual level. World Psychiatry, 10(2), 138–151. doi: 10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00036.x
  • De Hert, M., Yu, W., Detraux, J., Sweers, K., van Winkel, R., & Correll, C. U. (2012). Body weight and metabolic adverse effects of asenapine, iloperidone, lurasidone and paliperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. CNS Drugs, 26(9), 733–759. doi: 10.2165/11634500-000000000-00000
  • Dipasquale, S., Pariante, C. M., Dazzan, P., Aguglia, E., McGuire, P., & Mondelli, V. (2013). The dietary pattern of patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(2), 197–207. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.10.005
  • EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies. (2015). Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA Journal, 13(5), 4102. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102
  • Elman, I., Borsook, D., & Lukas, S. E. (2006). Food intake and reward mechanisms in patients with schizophrenia: Implications for metabolic disturbances and treatment with second-generation antipsychotic agents. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31(10), 2091–2120. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301051
  • European Food Safety Authority. (2017, September). Overview on dietary reference values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Summary of Dietary Reference Values–version 4. Retrieved from https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf.
  • Faulkner, G., Cohn, T., & Remington, G. (2006). Validation of a physical activity assessment tool for individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 82(2–3), 225–231. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.10.020
  • Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Teasdale, S. B., Ward, P. B., Veronese, N., Shivappa, N., … Sarris, J. (2018). Diet as a hot topic in psychiatry: A population-scale study of nutritional intake and inflammatory potential in severe mental illness. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 365–367. doi: 10.1002/wps.20571
  • Fountaine, R. J., Taylor, A. E., Mancuso, J. P., Greenway, F. L., Byerley, L. O., Smith, S. R., … Fryburg, D. A. (2010). Increased food intake and energy expenditure following administration of olanzapine to healthy men. Obesity (Silver Spring), 18(8), 1646–1651. doi: 10.1038/oby.2010.6
  • Freedman, L. S., Commins, J. M., Moler, J. E., Arab, L., Baer, D. J., Kipnis, V., … Willett, W. (2014). Pooled results from 5 validation studies of dietary self-report instruments using recovery biomarkers for energy and protein intake. American Journal of Epidemiology, 180(2), 172–188. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwu116
  • Fusar-Poli, P., De Marco, L., Cavallin, F., Bertorello, A., Nicolasi, M., & Politi, P. (2009). Lifestyles and cardiovascular risk in individuals with functional psychoses. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 45(2), 87–99. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6163.2009.00202.x
  • Gardner, D. M., Murphy, A. L., O'Donnell, H., Centorrino, F., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2010). International consensus study of antipsychotic dosing. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(6), 686–693. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09060802
  • GBD Risk Factor Collaborators. (2018). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392(10159), 1923–1994. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6
  • Goldberg, G. R., Black, A. E., Jebb, S. A., Cole, T. J., Murgatroyd, P. R., Coward, W. A., & Prentice, A. M., (1991). Critical-evaluation of energy-intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology.1. Derivation of cutoff limits to identify under-recording. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 45(12), 569–581.
  • Gupta, A., & Craig, T. K., (2009). Diet, smoking and cardiovascular risk in schizophrenia in high and low care supported housing. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 18(3), 200–207. doi: 10.1017/S1121189X00000476
  • Gurpegui, M., Aguilar, M. C., Martinez-Ortega, J. M., Diaz, F. J., & de Leon, J., (2004). Caffeine intake in outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(4), 935–945. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007143
  • Gurpegui, M., Aguilar, M. C., Martinez-Ortega, J. M., Jurado, D., Diaz, F. J., Quintana, H. M., & de Leon, J., (2006). Fewer but heavier caffeine consumers in schizophrenia: A case-control study. Schizophrenia Research, 86(1–3), 276–283. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.04.022
  • Gurpegui, M., Jurado, D., Luna, J. D., Fernandez-Molina, C., Moreno-Abril, O., & Galvez, R., (2007). Personality traits associated with caffeine intake and smoking. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 31(5), 997–1005. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.02.006
  • Hardy, S., & Gray, R., (2012). The secret food diary of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19(7), 603–609. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01826.x
  • Henderson, D. C., Borba, C. P., Daley, T. B., Boxill, R., Nguyen, D. D., Culhane, M. A., … Goff, D. C., (2006). Dietary intake profile of patients with schizophrenia. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 18(2), 99–105. doi: 10.1080/10401230600614538
  • Kalman, D., Morissette, S. B., & George, T. P., (2005). Co-morbidity of smoking in patients with psychiatric and substance use disorders. American Journal on Addictions, 14(2), 106–123. doi: 10.1080/10550490590924728
  • Krenitsky, J., (2005). Adjusted body weight, pro: Evidence to support the use of adjusted body weight in calculating calorie requirements. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 20(4), 468–473. doi: 10.1177/0115426505020004468
  • Lachat, C., Hawwash, D., Ocké, M. C., Berg, C., Forsum, E., Hörnell, A., … Huybrechts, I., (2016). Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-nutritional epidemiology (STROBE-nut): An extension of the STROBE statement. PLoS Medicine, 13, (6), e1002036. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002036
  • Lasser, K., Boyd, J. W., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., McCormick, D., & Bor, D. H. (2000). Smoking and mental illness: A population-based prevalence study. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(20), 2606–2610. doi: 10.1001/jama.284.20.2606
  • Leucht, S., Corves, C., Arbter, D., Engel, R. R., Li, C., & Davis, J. M., (2009). Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Lancet, 373(9657), 31–41. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61764-X
  • Lopes, C., Aro, A., Azevedo, A., Ramos, E., & Barros, H., (2007). Intake and adipose tissue composition of fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction in a male Portuguese community sample. Jorunal of the American Diet Association, 107(2), 276–286. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2006.11.008
  • Mangurian, C., Sreshta, N., & Seligman, H., (2013). Food insecurity among adults with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 64(9), 931–932. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201300022
  • Manu, P., Dima, L., Shulman, M., Vancampfort, D., De Hert, M., & Correll, C. U., (2015). Weight gain and obesity in schizophrenia: Epidemiology, pathobiology, and management. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 132(2), 97–108. doi: 10.1111/acps.12445
  • McCreadie, R. G., (2002). Use of drugs, alcohol and tobacco by people with schizophrenia: Case-control study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181(4), 321–325. doi: 10.1192/bjp.181.4.321
  • McCreadie, R. G., (2003). Diet, smoking and cardiovascular risk in people with schizophrenia: Descriptive study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 534–539. doi: 10.1192/bjp.183.6.534
  • Nilsson, B. M., Forslund, A. H., Olsson, R. M., Hambraeus, L., & Wiesel, F. A., (2006). Differences in resting energy expenditure and body composition between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 114(1), 27–35. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00700.x
  • Osby, U., Correia, N., Brandt, L., Ekbom, A., & Sparen, P., (2000). Mortality and causes of death in schizophrenia in Stockholm county, Sweden. Schizophrenia Research, 45(1–2), 21–28.
  • Porto, A., & Oliveira, L. (Eds.). (2006). Tabela da composição de alimentos. Lisboa, Portugal: Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Centro de Segurança Alimentar e Nutrição.
  • Roick, C., Fritz-Wieacker, A., Matschinger, H., Heider, D., Schindler, J., Riedel-Heller, S., & Angermeyer, M. C., (2007). Health habits of patients with schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(4), 268–276. doi: 10.1007/s00127-007-0164-5
  • Ryan, M. C., Flanagan, S., Kinsella, U., Keeling, F., & Thakore, J. H., (2004). The effects of atypical antipsychotics on visceral fat distribution in first episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. Life Science, 74(16), 1999–2008. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.08.044
  • Saha, S., Chant, D., & McGrath, J., (2007). A systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia: Is the differential mortality gap worsening over time? Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(10), 1123–1131. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1123
  • Samele, C., Patel, M., Boydell, J., Leese, M., Wessely, S., & Murray, R., (2007). Physical illness and lifestyle risk factors in people with their first presentation of psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(2), 117–124. doi: 10.1007/s00127-006-0135-2
  • Schofield, W. N., (1985). Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition, 39(Suppl 1), 5–41.
  • Stahl, S. M., Mignon, L., & Meyer, J. M., (2009). Which comes first: Atypical antipsychotic treatment or cardiometabolic risk? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119(3), 171–179. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01334.x
  • Stokes, C., & Peet, M., (2004). Dietary sugar and polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption as predictors of severity of schizophrenia symptoms. Nutritional Neuroscience, 7(4), 247–249. doi: 10.1080/10284150400010012
  • Strassnig, M., Brar, J. S., & Ganguli, R., (2006). Increased caffeine and nicotine consumption in community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 86(1–3), 269–275. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.05.013
  • Stubbs, B., Firth, J., Berry, A., Schuch, F. B., Rosenbaum, S., Gaughran, F., … Vancampfort, D., (2016). How much physical activity do people with schizophrenia engage in? A systematic review, comparative meta-analysis and meta-regression. Schizophrenia Research, 176(2-3), 431–440. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.017
  • Stubbs, B., Williams, J., Gaughran, F., & Craig, T., (2016). How sedentary are people with psychosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 171(1–3), 103–109. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.034
  • Teasdale, S. B., Firth, J., Stubbs, B., & Burrows, T. L., (2018). “You are what you eat” (not what you said you ate yesterday): Why a one-off 24-hour dietary recall fails capture usual dietary intake in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 199, 447–448. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.04.003
  • Teasdale, S. B., Samaras, K., Wade, T., Jarman, R., & Ward, P. B., (2017). A review of the nutritional challenges experienced by people living with severe mental illness: A role for dietitians in addressing physical health gaps. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 30(5), 545. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12473
  • Teasdale, S. B., Ward, P. B., Rosenbaum, S., Samaras, K., & Stubbs, B., (2017). Solving a weighty problem: Systematic review and meta-analysis of nutrition interventions in severe mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(2), 110–118. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.177139
  • Thornicroft, G., Brohan, E., Rose, D., Sartorius, N., & Leese, M., (2009). Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: A cross-sectional survey. Lancet, 373(9661), 408–415. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61817-6
  • Torniainen, M., Mittendorfer-Rutz, E., Tanskanen, A., Bjorkenstam, C., Suvisaari, J., Alexanderson, K., & Tiihonen, J., (2015). Antipsychotic treatment and mortality in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(3), 656–663. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbu164
  • Trabulsi, J., & Schoeller, D. A., (2001). Evaluation of dietary assessment instruments against doubly labeled water, a biomarker of habitual energy intake. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 281(5), E891–899. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.5.E891
  • Treuer, T., Hoffmann, V. P., Chen, A. K.-P., Irimia, V., Ocampo, M., Wang, G., … Holt, S., (2009). Factors associated with weight gain during olanzapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: Results from a six-month prospective, multinational, observational study. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 10(4–3), 729–740. doi: 10.1080/15622970903079507
  • Trichopoulou, A., Costacou, T., Bamia, C., & Trichopoulos, D., (2003). Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(26), 2599–2608. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa025039
  • Trichopoulou, A., Kouris-Blazos, A., Wahlqvist, M. L., Gnardellis, C., Lagiou, P., Polychronopoulos, E., … Trichopoulos, D., (1995). Diet and overall survival in elderly people. British Medical Journal, 311(7018), 1457–1460. doi: 10.1136/bmj.311.7018.1457
  • Trijsburg, L., Geelen, A., Hollman, P. C., Hulshof, P. J., Feskens, E. J., van’t Veer, P., … de Vries, J. H., (2017). BMI was found to be a consistent determinant related to misreporting of energy, protein and potassium intake using self-report and duplicate portion methods. Public Health Nutrition, 20(4), 598–607. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016002743
  • Vancampfort, D., Wampers, M., Mitchell, A. J., Correll, C. U., De Herdt, A., Probst, M., & De Hert, M., (2013). A meta-analysis of cardio-metabolic abnormalities in drug naive, first-episode and multi-episode patients with schizophrenia versus general population controls. World Psychiatry, 12(3), 240–250. doi: 10.1002/wps.20069
  • Wang, D., Zhai, J. X., & Liu, D. W., (2016). Serum folate levels in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 235, 83–89. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.045
  • Waters, F., Naik, N., & Rock, D., (2013). Sleep, fatigue, and functional health in psychotic patients. Schizophrenia Research and Treatment, 2013, 1. doi: 10.1155/2013/425826
  • Willett, W. (1998). Food frequency methods. In W. Willett (Ed.), Nutritional epidemiology (2nd ed., pp. 74–100). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • World Health Organisation. (2016). Global database on body mass index: BMI Classification 2016. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html.
  • Wu, M. K., Wang, C. K., Bai, Y. M., Huang, C. Y., & Lee, S. D., (2007). Outcomes of obese, clozapine-treated in patients with schizophrenia placed on a six-month diet and physical activity program. Psychiatric Services, 58(4), 544–550. doi: 10.1176/ps.2007.58.4.544
  • Wulff, K., Dijk, D. J., Middleton, B., Foster, R. G., & Joyce, E. M., (2012). Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(4), 308–316. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096321
  • Zimmermann, A., Lubman, D. I., & Cox, M., (2012). Tobacco, caffeine, alcohol and illicit substance use among consumers of a National Psychiatric Disability Support Service. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(5), 722–736. doi: 10.1007/s11469-011-9373-y

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.