ANGER OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN THE SOUTH

REFERENCES

• Abernethy, A. D. (1995). Managing racial anger: A critical skill in cultural competence. Journal of MulticulturalCounseling and Development, 23, 96–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder s (4th ed.), Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Armstead, C. A., & Lawler, K. A. (1989). Relationship of racial stres sors to blood pres-sure responses and anger expression in black college students. Health Psychology, 8, 541–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Averill, J. R. (1982). Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, D. (1996). A model for describing low-income African American women's participation in breast and cervical cancer early detection and screening. Advances in Nursing Science, 19(2), 27–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown, D. R. (1990). Depression among blacks: An epidemiologicalperspective. In D. S. Ruiz &J. P. Comer (Eds.), Handbookofmental health and mental disorder among Black Americans (pp. 71–93). New York: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, L., & Gilligan, C. (1992). Meeting at the crossroads: Women's psychology and girls' development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, L. S. (1995). Anti-racism as an ethical norm in feminist therapy practice. In J. Adleman & G. M. Enguidanos (Eds.), Racism in the lives of women: Testimony, theory, and guides to antiracist practice (pp. 137–148). New York: Harrington Park Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burnette, E. (1996). Anger undercuts ethnic-minority women's health. APA Monitor, 27(10), 53.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, C. P. (1995). Cross-culturalawareness development: An aid to the creation of anti-racist feminist therapy. In J. Adleman & G. M. Enguidanos (Eds.), Racism in the lives of women: Testimony, theory, and guides to antiracistpractice (pp. 209–227). New York: Harrington Park Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, R. E. (1997). Trauma and addiction experiences of African American women. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 19, 442–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deffenbacher, J., Story, D., Brandon, A., Hogg, J., & Hazaleus, S. (1988). Cognitive and cognitive-relaxationtreatments of anger. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 12, 167–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiGiuseppe, R., Tafrate, R., & Eckhardt, C. I. (1994). Critical issues in the treatment of anger. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 1, 111–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durel, L. A., Carver, C. S., Spitzer, S. B., Llabre, M. M., Weintraub, J. K., Saab, P. G., & Schneiderman, N. (1989). Associations of blood pressure with self-report measures of anger and hostility among black and white men and women. Health Psychology, 8, 557–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funkhouser, S., & Moser, D. (1990). Is health care racist? Advances in Nursing Science, 12(2), 47–55.
   Google Scholar
• Garrison, G. (1995). A phenomenological study of the experience and expression of anger among women with cardiovascular disease and breast cancer, Unpublished doctoral dis sertation,University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
   Google Scholar
• Gayles, G. W (1984). The truth of our mothers' lives: Mother-daughterrelationships in Black women's fiction. Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women, 1, 8–12.
   Google Scholar
• Gorkin, M. (1996). The uses of counter transference. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, S. (1992). "Most of the subjects were white and middle class": Trends in published research on African Americans in selected APA journals, 1970-1989. American Psychologist, 47, 629–639.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, L. (1994). Helpers, enforcers, and go-betweens: Black females in elementary school classrooms. In M. Zinn & B. Dill (Eds.), Women of color in US. society (p. 59). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, B. (1990). Sturdy bridges: The role of African-Americanmothers in the social-ization of African-American children. Women and Therapy, 10, 205–225.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, V. R. (1995). Prison of co lor. InJ. Adleman& G. M. Enguidanos (Eds.), Racism in the lives of women: Testimony, theory, and guides to anti racistpractice (pp. 75–83). New York: Harrington Park Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haynes, S., Feinleib, M., & Kannel, W (1980). The relationship of psycho social factors to coronary heart disease in the Framingham study: III. Eight-year incidence of coronary heart disease. American Journal of Epidemiology, 111, 37–58.
   Google Scholar
• Hill-Collins, P. (1990). Blackfeminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the pol-itics of empowerment. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hooks, b. (1989). Talking back Thinking feminist, thinking black Boston: South End Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, E., & Broman, C. (1987). The relationship of anger expressionto health prob-lems among Black Americans in a national survey. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 103–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerns. R. D., Rosenberg,R., & Jacob, M. C. (1994). Anger expres sion and chronic pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17, 57–68.
   Google Scholar
• Krieger, N. (1990). Racial and gender discrimination: Risk factors for high blood pres-sure? SocialScience and Medicine, 30, 1273–1281.
   Google Scholar
• Lorde, A. (1984). Sister outsider Freedom, CA: Crossing Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marcel, G. (1949). The philosophy of existence. New York: Philosophical Library.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, J. (1994, March 6). Succe s sful black s tell how racism still shadows their steps, alters behavior. Knoxville News-Sentinel, p. F6.
   Google Scholar
• Munhall, P. (1993). Women's anger and its meanings: A phenomenologicalperspective. Health Care for Women International, 14, 481–491.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munhall, P. (1994). Rev isioning phenomenology: Nursing and health science research New York: National League for Nursing Press.
   Google Scholar
• North American Nursing Diagnosis Association. (1996). NANDA Nursing diagnoses: Definitions and classification 1997-1998. Philadelphia: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Outlaw, F. H. (1993). Stress and coping: The influence of racism on the cognitive ap-praisal proce s sing of African Americans. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 14, 399–409.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Packer, M. J. (1985). Hermeneutic inquiry in the study of human conduct. American Psychologist, 40,1081–1093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollio, H., Henley, T., & Thompson, C. (1997). The phenomenology of everyday life. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reid, P. T., & Kelly, E. (1994). Research on women of color: From ignorance to aware-ness. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 477–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richie, B., Fas singer, R., Linn, S., Johnson, J., Prosser, J., & Robinson, S. (1997). Persistence, conne ction, and passion: A qualitative study ofthe career deve lopmentof highly achieving African American-Black and White women. Journalof Counseling Psychology, 44, 133–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, S., & Shirk, B. (1993). Women's anger and eating. In S. P. Thomas (Ed.), Women and anger (pp. 170–185). New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Saussy, C. (1995). The gift of anger. Louisville, KY: We stminster John Knox Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro, B. (1997). Speakers call for greater effort in combatting racism. APA Monitor, 28(10), 39.
   Google Scholar
• Smyth, K., & Williams, P. D. (1991). Patterns of coping in black working women. Behavioral Medicine, 17, 40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth, K., & Yarandi, H. N. (1996). Factor analysisofthe Ways of Coping Questionnaire for African American women. Nursing Research, 45, 25–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, G. (1985). The emerging field of psychoneuroimmunology. Advances, 2(1), 6–19.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. M., Gilligan, C., & Sullivan, A. (1995). Between voice and silence: Women and girls, race and relationship. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Temoshok, L. (1987). Personality, coping style, emotion and cancer: Towards an inte-grative model. Cancer Surveys, 6, 545–567.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas, S. P. (1993). Women and anger. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, S. P. (in press). Assessing and interveningwith angerdisorders. Nursing Clinics of North America, 33(1), 122–133.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, S. P, & Jefferson, C. (1996). Use your anger: A woman's guide to empower-ment. New York: Pocket Books.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, S. P, Smucker, C., & Droppleman, P. (in press). It hurts most around the heart:A phenomenologicalexploration of women's anger. Journal of Advanced Nursing.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, C. L. (1996). Reaching across boundaries of culture and class: Widening the scope ofpsycho therapy New York: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Vaillot, Sr., M. C. (1966). Existentialism: A philo sophy of commitment. American Jour-nal of Nursing, 66, 500–505.
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan, J. (1997). Is there really racism in nursing? Journal of Nursing Education, 36, 135–139.
   Google Scholar
• Warren, B. J. (1995). The experience of depression in African American women. In B. J. McElmurry & R. S. Parker (Eds.), Annual review of women's health (Vol. 2, pp. 267–283). New York: National League for Nursing Press.
   Google Scholar
• Way, N. (1995). "Can't you see the courage, the strengththat I have?": Listening to urban adole scent girls speak about their relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 107–128.
   Google Scholar
• Willis, J. T. (1995). Critical mass: A new perspective on rage in the African-American family. Family Therapy, 22, 105–112.
   Google Scholar