Alveolar epithelial cell growth hormone releasing hormone receptor in alveolar epithelial inflammation

References

• Jansing N, McClendon J, Henson P, Tuder R, Hyde D, Zemans R. Unbiased quantitation of alveolar type II to alveolar type I cell transdifferentiation during repair after lung injury in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2017;57(5):519–526. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2017-0037MA.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacharias W, Frank D, Zepp J, et al. Regeneration of the lung alveolus by an evolutionarily conserved epithelial progenitor. Nature. 2018;555(7695):251–255. doi:10.1038/nature25786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang G, Liang J, Huang K, et al. Basal cell-derived WNT7a promotes fibrogenesis at the fibrotic niche in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2023;68(3):302–313. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2022-0074OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Cai R, Lazerson A, et al. Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor antagonist modulates lung inflammation and fibrosis due to bleomycin. Lung. 2019;197(5):541–549. doi:10.1007/s00408-019-00257-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du L, Ho B, Zhou L, et al. Growth hormone releasing hormone signaling promotes Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune inflammation. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):3298. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39023-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhter M, Uddin M, Schally A, Kubra K, Barabutis N. Involvement of the unfolded protein response in the protective effects of growth hormone releasing hormone antagonists in the lungs. J Cell Commun Signal. 2021;15(1):125–129. doi:10.1007/s12079-020-00593-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uddin M, Akhter M, Singh S, et al. GHRH antagonists support lung endothelial barrier function. Tissue Barriers. 2019;7(4):1669989. doi:10.1080/21688370.2019.1669989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Tian R, Dreifus E, et al. Activity of the growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonist MIA-602 and its underlying mechanisms of action in sarcoidosis-like granuloma. Clin Transl Immunology. 2021;10(7):e1310. doi:10.1002/cti2.1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarandi M, Cai R, Kovacs M, et al. Synthesis and structure-activity studies on novel analogs of human growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) with enhanced inhibitory activities on tumor growth. Peptides. 2017;89:60–70. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2017.01.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang W, Ren J, Yu Q, et al. Signaling mechanisms of growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor in LPS-induced acute ocular inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(11):6067–6074. doi:10.1073/pnas.1904532117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Li J, Fu M, Zhao X, Wang W. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway: from bench to clinic. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):402. doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00791-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob A, Morley M, Hawkins F, et al. Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into functional lung alveolar epithelial cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2017;21(4):472–488.e10. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2017.08.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob A, Vedaie M, Roberts D, et al. Derivation of self-renewing lung alveolar epithelial type II cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc. 2019;14(12):3303–3332. doi:10.1038/s41596-019-0220-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosmider B, Mason R, Bahmed K. Isolation and characterization of human alveolar type II cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1809:83–90. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8570-8_7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosmider B, Messier E, Janssen W, et al. Nrf2 protects human alveolar epithelial cells against injury induced by influenza A virus. Respir Res. 2012;13(1):43. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-13-43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai R, Zhang X, Wang H, et al. Synthesis of potent antagonists of receptors for growth hormone-releasing hormone with antitumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Peptides. 2022;150:170716. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schruf E, Schroeder V, Le H, et al. Recapitulating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis related alveolar epithelial dysfunction in a human iPSC-derived air-liquid interface model. FASEB J. 2020;34(6):7825–7846. doi:10.1096/fj.201902926R.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermann AC, Gutierrez AJ, Bui LT, et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals profibrotic roles of distinct epithelial and mesenchymal lineages in pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Adv. 2020;6(28):eaba1972. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba1972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan R, Mineo-Kuhn M, Kramer C, Finkelstein J. Growth factors alter neonatal type II alveolar epithelial cell proliferation. Am J Physiol. 1994;266(1 Pt 1):L17–22. doi:10.1152/ajplung.1994.266.1.L17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyé L. Statistical methods for cardiovascular researchers. Circ Res. 2016;118(3):439–453. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans K, Lee J. Alveolar wars: the rise of in vitro models to understand human lung alveolar maintenance, regeneration, and disease. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2020;9(8):867–881. doi:10.1002/sctm.19-0433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mou H. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived alveolar type II heterogeneity: revealed by SFTPC expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2021;65(4):345–346. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2021-0242ED.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson W, Chi E, Ye X, et al. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin/CREB binding protein (CBP) signaling reverses pulmonary fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(32):14309–14314. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001520107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam A, Gottardi C. β-Catenin signaling: a novel mediator of fibrosis and potential therapeutic target. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23(6):562–567. doi:10.1097/BOR.0b013e32834b3309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiaris H, Schally A, Busto R, Halmos G, Artavanis-Tsakonas S, Varga J. Expression of a splice variant of the receptor for GHRH in 3T3 fibroblasts activates cell proliferation responses to GHRH analogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99(1):196–200. doi:10.1073/pnas.012590999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin T, George Fantus I, Sun J. Wnt and beyond Wnt: multiple mechanisms control the transcriptional property of beta-catenin. Cell Signal. 2008;20(10):1697–1704. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.04.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Königshoff M, Kramer M, Balsara N, et al. WNT1-inducible signaling protein-1 mediates pulmonary fibrosis in mice and is upregulated in humans with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(4):772–787. doi:10.1172/JCI33950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Zhang L, Joo D, et al. NF-κB signaling in inflammation. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2017;2:17023–17023. doi:10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Zhang H, Cong Z, et al. Structural basis for activation of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):5205. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18945-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie T, Kulur V, Liu N, et al. Mesenchymal growth hormone receptor deficiency leads to failure of alveolar progenitor cell function and severe pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Adv. 2021;7:6005. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg6005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Cui T, Cai R, et al. Growth hormone-releasing hormone in lung physiology and pulmonary disease. Cells. 2020;9:2331. doi:10.3390/cells9102331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui T, Jimenez J, Block N, et al. Agonistic analogs of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) promote wound healing by stimulating the proliferation and survival of human dermal fibroblasts through ERK and AKT pathways. Oncotarget. 2016;7(33):52661–52672. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.11024.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willis B, Liebler J, Luby-Phelps K, et al. Induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells by transforming growth factor-beta1: potential role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol. 2005;166(5):1321–1332. doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62351-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware L, Matthay M. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(18):1334–1349. doi:10.1056/NEJM200005043421806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger B, Schupp J, Plappert L, et al. Airway basal cells show a dedifferentiated KRT17high phenotype and promote fibrosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):5637. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33193-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kathiriya J, Wang C, Zhou M, et al. Human alveolar type 2 epithelium transdifferentiates into metaplastic KRT5+ basal cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2022;24(1):10–23. doi:10.1038/s41556-021-00809-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim T, Kim S, Seo J, et al. Blockade of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2011;223(1):45–54. doi:10.1620/tjem.223.45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smirnova N, Schamberger A, Nayakanti S, Hatz R, Behr J, Eickelberg O. Detection and quantification of epithelial progenitor cell populations in human healthy and IPF lungs. Respir Res. 2016;17(1):83. doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0404-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi Y, Tata A, Konkimalla A, et al. Persistence of a regeneration-associated, transitional alveolar epithelial cell state in pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Cell Biol. 2020;22(8):934–946. doi:10.1038/s41556-020-0542-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ota C, Ng-Blichfeldt J, Korfei M, et al. Dynamic expression of HOPX in alveolar epithelial cells reflects injury and repair during the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):12983. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31214-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reyfman P, Walter J, Joshi N, et al. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human lung provides insights into the pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199(12):1517–1536. doi:10.1164/rccm.201712-2410OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar