Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography as an early outcome forecaster following severe brain injury

References

• Gennarelli T A, Spielman G M, Langfitt T W, et al. Influence of the type of intracranial lesion on outcome from severe head injury: a multicenter study using a new classification system. J Neurosurg 1982; 56: 26–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock R, Maxwell W, Graham D, Teasdale G, Adams J. Glial swelling following human cerebral contusion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1991; 54: 427–434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siesjö B K. Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 169–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siesjö B K. Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 337–354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale G, Graham D. Craniocerebral trauma. Neurosurgery 1998; 43: 723–738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouma G J, Muizelaar J P, Choi S C, Newlon P G, Young H F. Cerebral circulation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury: the elusive role of ischemia. J Neurosurg 1991; 75: 685–693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czosnyka M, Price D J, Williamson M. Monitoring of cerebrospinal dynamics using continuous analysis of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in head injury. Acta Neurochir 1994; 126: 113–119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goraj B, Rifkinson-Mann S, Leslie D R, et al. Correlation of intracranial pressure and transcranial Doppler resistive index after head trauma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994; 15(7)1333–1339
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barzó P, Dóczi T, Csete K, Buza Z, Bodosi M. Measurement of regional cerebral blood flow and blood flow velocity in experimental intracranial hypertension: infusion via the cisterna magna in rabbits. Neurosurgery 1991; 28: 821–825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall L F, Smith R W, Shapiro H M. The outcome with aggressive treatment in severe head injuries. J Neurosurg 1979; 50: 20–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Santbrink H, Schouten J W, Steyerberg E W, Avezaat C J, Maas A I. Serial transcranial Doppler measurements in traumatic brain injury with special focus on the early posttraumatic period. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002; 144(11)1141–1149
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chesnut R M, Marshall L F, Klauber M R. The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma 1993; 34: 216–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaslid R, Marcwalder T M, Nornes H. Non invasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries. J Neurosurg 1982; 57: 769–774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale G, Jannett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974; 2: 81–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling R G, King D H. Arterial assessment by Doppler-shift ultrasound. Proc R Soc Med 1974; 67: 447–449
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jannett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. A practical scale. Lancet 1975; 1: 480–484
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brauer P, Kochs E, Werner C, et al. Correlation of transcranial Doppler sonography mean flow velocity with cerebral blood flow in patients with intracranial pathology. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1998; 10(2)80–85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von Oettingen G, Bergholt B, Gyldensted C, Astrup J. Blood flow and ischemia within traumatic cerebral contusions. Neurosurgery 2002; 50: 781–790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan K H, Miller J D, Dearden N M. Intracranial blood flow velocity after head injury: relationship to severity of injury, time, neurological status and outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1992; 55: 787–791
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steiner L A, Czosnyka M. Should we measure cerebral blood flow in head-injured patients?. Br J Neurosurg 2002; 16: 429–439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouma G J, Muizelaar J P, Stringer W A, et al. Ultra-early evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow in severely head-injured patients using xenon-enhanced computed tomography. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 360–368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifton G L, Miller E R, Choi S C, Levin H S. Fluid thresholds and outcome from severe brain injury. Crit Care Med 2002; 30(4)739–745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröder M L, Muizelaar J P, Kuta A J, Choi S C. Thresholds for cerebral ischemia after severe head injury: relationship with late CT findings and outcome. J Neurotrauma 1996; 13(1)17–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juul N, Morris G F, Marshall S B, Marshall L F. Intracranial hypertension and cerebral perfusion pressure: influence on neurological deterioration and outcome in severe head injury. The Executive Committee of the International Selfotel Trial. J Neurosurg 2000; 92(1)1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaud L J, Rivara F P, Grady M S, Reay D T. Predictors of survival and severity of disability after severe brain injury in children. Neurosurgery 1992; 31: 254–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger R, Hassler W. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in craniocerebral trauma: valuable method in traumatologic emergency cases?. Aktuelle Traumatol 1993; 23(1)14–19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan K H, Dearden N M, Miller J D. The significance of posttraumatic increase in cerebral blood flow velocity: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study. Neurosurgery 1992; 30(5)697–700
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan K H, Dearden N M, Miller J D. Transcranial Doppler-sonography in severe head injury. Acta Neurochir 1993, Suppl 59: 81–85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moreno J A, Mesalles E, Gener J, et al. Evaluating the outcome of severe head injury with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Neurosurg Focus 2000; 8(1)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Visocchi M, Chiaretti A, Cabezas D, Meglio M. Hypoflow and hyperflow in diffuse axonal injury. Prognostic and therapeutic implications of transcranial Doppler sonography evaluation. J Neurosurg Sci 2002; 46(1)10–17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voulgaris S G, Partheni M, Kaliora H, et al. Early cerebral monitoring using the transcranial Doppler pulsatility index in patients with severe brain trauma. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11(2)49–52
   Google Scholar