References
- Larner AJ. False localising signs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:415–8.
- Jamieson DRS, Teasdale E, Willison HJ. Lesson of the week: false localising signs in the spinal cord. BMJ 1996;312:243–4.
- Menon RN, Radhakrishnan K. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: are false localising signs other than abducens nerve palsy acceptable? Neurol India 2010;58:683–4.
- Moosa A, Joy MA, Kumar A. Extensive radiculopathy: another false localising sign in intracranial hypertension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1080–1.
- Goodwin D. Differential diagnosis and management of acquired sixth cranial nerve palsy. Optometry 2006;77:534–9.
- Patel SV, Mutyala S, Leske DA, Hodge DO, Holmes JM. Incidence, associations, and evaluation of sixth nerve palsy using a population-based method. Ophthalmology 2004;111:369–75.
- Davie C, Kennedy P, Katifi HA. Seventh nerve palsy as a false localising sign. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55:510–1.
- Round R, Keane JR. The minor symptoms of increased intracranial pressure: 101 patients with benign intracranial hypertension. Neurology 1988;38:1461–4.
- Nair AG, Ambika S, Noronha VO, Gandhi RA. The diagnostic yield of neuroimaging in sixth nerve palsy-Sankara Nethralaya Abducens Palsy Study (SNAPS): report 1. Indian J Ophthalmol 2014;62:1008–12.
- Chaudhry NS, Brunozzi D, Shakur SF, Charbel FT, Alaraj A. Ruptured posterior cerebral artery aneurysm presenting with a contralateral cranial nerve III palsy: a case report. Surg Neurol Int 2018;9:52.
- Chen R, Sahjpaul R, Maestro RFD, Assis L, Young GB. Initial enlargement of the opposite pupil as a false localising sign in intraparenchymal frontal haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:1126–8.
- Chansoria M, Agrawal A, Ganghoriya P, Raman BR. Psedotumor cerebri with transient oculomotor palsy. Indian J Pediatr 2005;72:1047–8.
- Rezazadeh A, Rohani M. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension with complete oculomotor palsy. Neurol India 2010;58:820–1.
- Kang SD. Ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm causing bilateral oculomotor nerve palsy: a case report. J Korean Med Sci 2007;22:173–6.
- Jacobson DM. Relative pupil-sparing third nerve palsy: etiology and clinical variables predictive of a mass. Neurology 2001;56:797–8.
- Fang C, Leavitt JA, Hodge DO, Holmes JM, Mohney BG, Chen JJ. Incidence and etiologies of acquired third nerve palsy using a population-based method. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017;135:23–8.
- Bhatti MT, Eisenschenk S, Roper SN, Guy JR. Superior divisional third cranial nerve paresis: clinical and anatomical observations of 2 unique cases. Arch Neurol 2006;63:771–6.
- Larner AJ. Proximal superior division oculomotor nerve palsy from metastatic subarachnoid infiltration. J Neurol 2002;249:343–4.
- Ksiazek SM, Repka MX, Maguire A, et al. Divisional oculomotor nerve paresis caused by intrinsic brainstem disease. Ann Neurol 1989;26:714–8.
- Guy JR, Day AL. Intracranial aneurysms with superior division paresis of the oculomotor nerve. Ophthalmology 1989;96:1071–6.
- Morillon P, Bremner F. Trochlear nerve palsy. Br J Hosp Med 2017;78:C38–C40.
- Dosunmu EO, Hatt SR, Leske DA, Hodge DO, Holmes JM. Incidence and etiology of presumed fourth cranial nerve palsy: a population-based study. Am J Ophthalmol 2018;185:110–4.
- Halpern JI, Gordon WH. Trochlear nerve palsy as a false localizing sign. Ann Ophthalmol 1981;13:53–6.
- Cohen-Gadol AA, Leavitt JA, Lynch JJ, Marsh WR, Cascino GD. Prospective analysis of diplopia after anterior temporal lobectomy for mesial temporal lobe sclerosis. J Neurosurg 2003;99:496–9.
- Jacobson DM, Warner JJ, Ruggles KH. Transient trochlear nerve palsy following anterior temporal lobectomy for epilepsy. Neurology 1995;45:1465–8.
- MacDonald BK, Cockerell OC, Sander JW, Shorvon SD. The incidence and lifetime prevalence of neurological disorders in a prospective community-based study in the UK. Brain 2000;123:665–76.
- Maarbjerg S, Gozalov A, Olesen J, Bendtsen L. Trigeminal neuralgia–a prospective systematic study of clinical characteristics in 158 patients. Headache 2014;54:1574–82.
- Michelucci R, Tassinari CA, Plasmati R, et al. Trigeminal neuralgia associated with contralateral intracranial tumour: a false localising sign caused by vascular compression? Report of two cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:1202–3.
- Laurencet FM, Anchisi S, Tullen E, Dietrich PY. Mental neuropathy: report of five cases and review of the literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2000;34:71–9.
- Ryba F, Rice S, Hutchison IL. Numb chin syndrome: an ominous clinical sign. Br Dent J 2010;208:283–5.
- Sanchis JM, Bagán JV, Murillo J, Díaz JM, Poveda R, Jiménez Y. Mental neuropathy as a manifestation associated with malignant processes: its significance in relation to patient survival. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;66:995–8.
- Jeong SM, Park JH, Lee JI, Nam KE, Lee JS, Kim JH. Progressive bilateral facial palsy as a manifestation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a case report. Ann Rehabil Med 2016;40:734–40.
- Peitersen E. The natural history of Bell’s palsy. Am J Otol 1982;4:107–11.
- Pothiawala S, Lateef F. Bilateral facial nerve palsy: a diagnostic dilemma. Case Rep Emerg Med 2012;2012:458371.
- May M, Klein SR. Differential diagnosis of facial nerve palsy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1991;24:613–45.
- Moser T, Starr A. Auditory neuropathy – neural and synaptic mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurol 2016;12:135–49.
- Pamuk AE, Pamuk G, Bajin MD, Yildiz FG, Sennaroğlu L. Traumatic facial and vestibulocochlear nerve injury in the internal acoustic canal in the absence of a temporal bone fracture. J Int Adv Otol 2018;14:330–3.
- Wan G, Corfas G. Transient auditory nerve demyelination as a new mechanism for hidden hearing loss. Nat Commun 2017;8:14487.
- Byun S, Lee JY, Kim BG, Hong HS. Acute vertigo and sensorineural hearing loss from infarction of the vestibulocochlear nerve. Medicine 2018;97:e12777.
- Sismanis A, Callari RH, Slomka WS, Butts FM. Auditory-evoked responses in benign intracranial hypertension syndrome. Laryngoscope 1990;100:1152–5.
- Ozer S, Ozer PA, Kaya SC, et al. Results of audiological evaluation in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The Journal of International Advanced Otology 2013;2:10.
- Finsterer J, Grisold W. Disorders of the lower cranial nerves. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2015;6:377–91.
- Hess DC, Sethi KD, Nichols FT. Carotid dissection: a new false localising sign. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:804–5.
- Sarrazin J-L, Toulgoat F, Benoudiba F. The lower cranial nerves: IX, X, XI, XII. Diagn Interv Imaging 2013;94:1051–62.
- Sharma S, Gupta A, Deshmukh A, Singh S, Puri V. Downbeat nystagmus. Postgrad Med J 2017;93:437.
- Phadke JG, Hern JE, Blaiklock CT. Downbeat nystagmus–a false localising sign due to communicating hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981;44:459.
- Bedford J. A case of ‘ping–pong’ gaze of unknown cause. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013;84:e2–e2.
- Sotiriou K, Artemiadis AK, Papanastasiou I. Ping-pong gaze in a patient with bilateral hemispheric ischemic stroke: case report and video. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2015;24:e67–e68.
- Cohen DA, Daneshmand A, Wijdicks EFM. Insight into ping-pong gaze in the neurosciences intensive care unit. Neurocrit Care 2018;29:315–6.
- Misra M, Lenka BD, Rath S. Ping pong gaze (periodic alternating gaze): a case report. Indian J Ophthalmol 1994;42:212–3.
- Xue F, Zhang L, Zhang L, Ying Z, Sha O, Ding Y. One-and-a-half syndrome with its spectrum disorders. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2017;7:691–7.
- Espinosa PS. Teaching neuro: one-and-a-half syndrome. Neurology 2008;70:e20.
- Wall M, Wray SH. The one-and-a-half syndrome–a unilateral disorder of the pontine tegmentum: a study of 20 cases and review of the literature. Neurology 1983;33:971–80.
- Ushio M, Iwasaki S, Chihara Y, Murofushi T. Wall-eyed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia in a patient with progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neuroophthalmol 2008;28:93–96.
- Chakravarthi S, Kesav P, Khurana D. Wall-eyed bilateral inter nuclear ophthalmoplegia with vertical gaze palsy. QJM 2014;107:165.
- Man BL, Chi MS, Fu YP. Wall-eyed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplaegia (WEBINO) from a paramedian mesencephalic infarct. BMJ Case Rep 2015;2015:bcr2014207240.
- Fay PM, Strominger MB. Wall-eyed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia in central nervous system cryptococcosis. J Neuroophthalmol 1999;19:131–5.
- Shinoda K, Matsushita T, Furuta K, et al. Wall-eyed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia (WEBINO) syndrome in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and anti-aquaporin-4 antibody. Mult Scler 2011;17:885–7.
- Zhang CH, DeSouza RM, Kho JSB, Vundavalli S, Critchley G. Kernohan-Woltman notch phenomenon: a review article. Br J Neurosurg 2017;31:159–66.
- Moon K-S, Lee J-K, Joo S-P, et al. Kernohan’s notch phenomenon in chronic subdural hematoma: MRI findings. J Clin Neurosci 2007;14:989–92.
- de Oliveira Costa FA, Neto OMF, da Silva GG, Gibbon FL, Foster RB, Schuch EM. False localizing sign: Kernohan’s syndrome due to right temporal meningioma. J Bras Neurocirurg 2018;27:67–70.
- Zafonte RD, Lee CY. Kernohan-Woltman notch phenomenon: an unusual cause of ipsilateral motor deficit. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78:543–5.
- Gentry LR, Godersky JC, Thompson BH. Traumatic brain stem injury: MR imaging. Radiology 1989;171:177–87.
- Neetens A, Rubbens MC. Parinaud’s syndrome, false localising sign of pseudo-Dandy-Walker syndrome. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 1978;182:131–8.
- McNealy DE, Plum F. Brainstem dysfunction with supratentorial mass lesions. Arch Neurol 1962;7:10–32.
- Riveros Gilardi B, Muñoz López JI, Hernández Villegas AC, et al. Types of cerebral herniation and their imaging features. Radiographics 2019;39:1598–610.
- Mohseni M, Habibi Z, Nejat F. Contralateral superior cerebellar artery syndrome: a consequence of brain herniation. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2017;60:362–6.
- Ansari M, Chang GY. Pathophysiology of stroke in the contralateral posterior cerebral artery distribution from a tentorial herniation. J Clin Neurol 2017;13:101–2.
- Rousseff RT, Tzvetanov P. False localising levels in spinal cord compression. NeuroRehabilitation 2006;21:219–22.
- Goddard P, Wakeley C, Cook A. False localising signs in the spinal cord. BMJ 1996;312:1160.
- Woods BI, Hilibrand AS. Cervical radiculopathy: epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques 2015;28:251.
- Obeid T, Awada A, Mousali Y, Nusair M, Muhayawi S, Memish S. Extensive radiculopathy: a manifestation of intracranial hypertension. Eur J Neurol 2000;7:549–53.
- Yeung JT, Johnson JI, Karim AS. Cervical disc herniation presenting with neck pain and contralateral symptoms: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2012;6:166.
- Iwase S, Inukai Y, Nishimura N, Sato M, Sugenoya J. Hemifacial hyperhidrosis associated with ipsilateral/contralateral cervical disc herniation myelopathy. Functional considerations on how compression pattern determines the laterality. Funct Neurol 2014;29:67–73.
- Shirzadi A, Drazin D, Jeswani S, Lovely L, Liu J. Atypical presentation of thoracic disc herniation: case series and review of the literature. Case Rep Orthop 2013;2013:621476.
- Lara FJP, Berges AF, Quesada JQ, Ramiro JAM, Toledo RB, Muñoz HO. Thoracic disk herniation, a not infrequent cause of chronic abdominal pain. Int Surg 2012;97:27–33.
- Sucu HK, Gelal F. Lumbar disk herniation with contralateral symptoms. Eur Spine J 2006;15:570–4.
- Kim P, Ju CI, Kim HS, Kim SW. Lumbar disc herniation presented with contralateral symptoms. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2017;60:220–4.
- Ariès P, Danguy des Déserts M, Nguyen BV, Ould-Ahmed M. Cheyne-stokes respiration: implications for anaesthesiologists. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2017;36:245–6.
- Polkey MI, Lyall RA, Moxham J, Leigh PN. Respiratory aspects of neurological disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;66:5–15.
- Kim Y, Kim S, Ryu DR, Lee S-Y, Im KB. Factors associated with cheyne-stokes respiration in acute ischemic stroke. J Clin Neurol 2018;14:542–8.
- Bonnin-Vilaplana M, Arboix A, Parra O, García-Eroles L, Montserrat JM, Massons J. Cheyne-stokes respiration in patients with first-ever lacunar stroke. Sleep Disord 2012;2012:257890.
- Battista JP, Robbins MS. Transient cluster breathing associated with anoxic encephalopathy. Neurohospitalist 2014;4:44–45.
- Freeman WD, Sen S, Roy TK, Wijdicks EFM. Cluster breathing associated with bihemispheric infarction and sparing of the brainstem. Arch Neurol 2006;63:1487–90.
- Gençpinar P, Karaali K, Haspolat Ş, Dursun O. Central neurogenic hyperventilation related to post-hypoxic thalamic lesion in a child. Neurol Int 2016;8:6428.
- Mador MJ, Tobin MJ. Apneustic breathing. A characteristic feature of brainstem compression in achondroplasia? Chest 1990;97:877–83.
- Ebert D, Hefter H, Dohle C, Freund H-J. Ataxic breathing during alternating forearm movements of various frequencies in cerebellar patients. Neurosci Lett 1995;193:145–8.
- Zaidi S, Gandhi J, Vatsia S, Smith NL, Khan SA. Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: an overview of etiopathogenesis, associated pathologies, clinical presentation, and management. Auton Neurosci 2018;210:1–9.
- Samdani PG, Samdani V, Balsekar M, Goel A. Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Indian J Pediatr 2007;74:953–5.
- Heckmann JG, Ernst S. Central alveolar hypoventilation (Ondine’s curse) caused by megadolichobasilar artery. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014;23:390–2.
- Nin N, Muriel A, Peñuelas O, et al. Severe hypercapnia and outcome of mechanically ventilated patients with moderate or severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2017;43:200–8.