Fusion rates for conservative and surgical management of type II odontoid fractures and its impact

References

• Peck GE, Shipway DJH, Tsang K, et al. Cervical spine immobilisation in the elderly: a literature review. Br J Neurosurg 2018;28:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Iyer S, Hurlbert RJ, Albert TJ. Management of odontoid fractures in the elderly: a review of the literature and an evidence-based treatment algorithm. Neurosurgery 2018;1;82:419–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller EJ, Wick M, Russe O, et al. Management of odontoid fractures in the elderly. Eur Spine J 1999;8:360–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal D, Sell P, Grevitt M. Type II odontoid fractures in the elderly: an evidence-based narrative review of management. Eur Spine J 2011;20:195–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgafy H, Dvorak MF, Vaccaro AR, et al. Treatment of displaced type II odontoid fractures in elderly patients. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 2009;38:410–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deng H, Yue JK, Upadhyayula PS, et al. Odontoid fractures in the octogenarian: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Sci 2016;60:543–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molinari RW, Khera OA, Gruhn WL, et al. Rigid cervical collar treatment for geriatric type II odontoid fractures. Eur Spine J 2012;21:855–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush B, Molinari R. Longer-term outcomes of geriatric odontoid fracture nonunion. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil 2015;6:251–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zileli M, Maheshwari S, Kale SS, et al. Outcome measures and variables affecting prognosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations. Neurospine 2019;16:435–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Z, Yuan ZZ, Ma JX, et al. Conservative versus surgical treatment for type II odontoid fractures in the elderly: grading the evidence through a meta-analysis. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2015;101:839–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman A, Alageli NA, Short DJ, et al. Conservative management of odontoid peg fractures, long term follow up. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2017;8:103–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Müller EJ, Schwinnen I, Fischer K, et al. Non-rigid immobilisation of odontoid fractures. Eur Spine J 2003;12:522–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nourbakhsh A, Shi R, Vannemreddy P, et al. Operative versus nonoperative management of acute odontoid type II fractures: a meta-analysis. SPI 2009;11:651–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuntz C, Mirza SK, Jarell AD, et al. Type II odontoid fractures in the elderly: early failure of nonsurgical treatment. Neurosurg Focus 2000;15;8:e7.
   Google Scholar
• Ziai WC, Hurlbert RJ. A six year review of odontoid fractures: the emerging role of surgical intervention. Can J Neurol Sci 2000;27:297–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Paolo A, Piccirilli M, Pescatori L, et al. Single institute experience on 108 consecutive cases of type II odontoid fractures: surgery versus conservative treatment. Turk Neurosurg 2014;24:891–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhary A, Drew B, Orr RD, et al. Management of type II odontoid fractures in the geriatric population: outcome of treatment in a rigid cervical orthosis. J Spinal Disord Tech 2010;23:317–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hou Y, Yuan W, Wang X. Clinical evaluation of anterior screw fixation for elderly patients with type II odontoid fractures. J Spinal Disord Tech 2011;24:E75–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bourdillon P, Perrin G, Lucas F, et al. C1-C2 stabilization by Harms arthrodesis: indications, technique, complications and outcomes in a prospective 26-case series. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2014;100:221–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry A, Graffeo CS, Carlstrom LP, et al. Fusion, failure, fatality: long-term outcomes after surgical versus nonoperative management of type ii odontoid fracture in octogenarians. World Neurosurg 2018;110:e484–e489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osti M, Philipp H, Meusburger B, et al. Analysis of failure following anterior screw fixation of Type II odontoid fractures in geriatric patients. Eur Spine J 2011;20:1915–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Börm W, Kast E, Richter HP, et al. Anterior screw fixation in type II odontoid fractures: is there a difference in outcome between age groups? Neurosurgery 2003;52:1089–92. Discussion 1092–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson S, Rodrigues M, Olerud C. Odontoid fractures: high complication rate associated with anterior screw fixation in the elderly. Eur Spine J 2000;9:56–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene KA, Dickman CA, Marciano FF, et al. Transverse Atlantal ligament disruption associated with odontoid fractures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994;15;19:2307–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seybold EA, Bayley JC. Functional outcome of surgically and conservatively managed dens fractures. Spine (Phila, PA, 1976) 1998;1:1837–45. Discussion 1845–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamji MF, Goldstein CL, Wang M, et al. Minimally invasive spinal surgery in the elderly: does it make sense? Neurosurgery 2015;77:S108–S15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson Y, Robinson AL, Olerud C. Systematic review on surgical and nonsurgical treatment of type II odontoid fractures in the elderly. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:231948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman IH, Webb JK. Cervical spine injuries in the elderly. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1994;76:877–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan MD, Taylor TK. Odontoid fractures in the elderly. J Spinal Disord 1993;6:397–401.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pepin JW, Bourne RB, Hawkins RJ. Odontoid fractures, with special reference to the elderly patient. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1985;178–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanigan WC, Powell FC, Elwood PW, et al. Odontoid fractures in elderly patients. J Neurosurg 1993;78:32–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller CP, Bible JE, Jegede KA, et al. The effect of rigid cervical collar height on full, active, and functional range of motion during fifteen activities of daily living. Spine (Phila, PA, 1976) 2010;35:E1546–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart R, Saterbak A, Rapp T, et al. Nonoperative management of dens fracture nonunion in elderly patients without myelopathy. Spine (Phila, PA, 1976) 2000;1:1339–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh V, Banerjee S, Onukaogu S, et al. Nonoperative treatment of displaced type II odontoid peg fractures with a Philadelphia collar. Orthopedics 2012;35:e538-42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JS, Kepler CK, Kopjar B, et al. Effect of type II odontoid fracture nonunion on outcome among elderly patients treated without surgery: based on the AOSpine North America geriatric odontoid fracture study. Spine (Phila, PA, 1976) 2013;15;38:2240–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho AM, Fung KY, Joynt GM, et al. Rigid cervical collar and intracranial pressure of patients with severe head injury. J Trauma 2002;53:1185–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Webber-Jones JE, Thomas CA, Bordeaux RE. Jr., The management and prevention of rigid cervical collar complications. Orthop Nurs 2002;21:19–25. Quiz 25–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moran C, Kipen E, Chan P, et al. Understanding post-hospital morbidity associated with immobilisation of cervical spine fractures in older people using geriatric medicine assessment techniques: a pilot study. Injury 2013;44:1838–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobbs RJ, Stoodley MA, Fuller J. Effect of cervical hard collar on intracranial pressure after head injury. ANZ J Surg 2002;72:389–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies G, Deakin A, Wilson A. The effect of a rigid collar on intracranial pressure. Injury 1996;27:647–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt K, Hallworth S, Smith M. The effects of rigid collar placement on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressures. Anaesthesia 2001;56:511–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totten VY, Sugarman DB. Respiratory effects of spinal immobilization. Prehosp Emerg Care 1999;3:347–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morishima N, Ohota K, Miura Y. The influences of Halo-vest fixation and cervical hyperextension on swallowing in healthy volunteers. Spine (Phila, PA, 1976) 2005;30:E179–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stambolis V, Brady S, Klos D, et al. The effects of cervical bracing upon swallowing in young, normal, healthy volunteers. Dysphagia 2003;18:39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanguineti VA, Wild JR, Fain MJ. Management of postoperative complications: general approach. Clin Geriatr Med 2014;30:261–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ham W, Schoonhoven L, Schuurmans MJ, et al. Pressure ulcers from spinal immobilization in trauma patients: a systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014;76:1131–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackland HM, Cooper DJ, Malham GM, et al. Factors predicting cervical collar-related decubitus ulceration in major trauma patients. Spine 2007;32:1257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar