Morphological basis of radial nerve dysfunction in newborns differs from that of no radial nerve dysfunction in adults in C5–C6–C7 injuries to the brachial plexus: a cadaveric study

References

• Slingluff CL, Terzis JK, Edgerton MT. The quantitative microanatomy of the brachial plexus in man: reconstructive relevance. In: Terzis JK, ed. Microreconstruction of nerve injuries. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1987:285–324.
   Google Scholar
• Birch R. Birth lesions of the brachial plexus. In: Birch R, ed. Surgical disorders of the peripheral nerves. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2011:429–482.
   Google Scholar
• Birch R, Ahad N, Kono H, et al. Repair of obstetric brachial plexus palsy: results in 100 children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005;87:1089–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen L, Gao S, Gu Y, et al. Histopathologic study of the neuroma-in-continuity in obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121:2046–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Chen L, Gu Y, et al. Undeveloped semiconic posterosuperior ligament and susceptibility to avulsion of the C-7 spinal nerve in Erb palsy. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2011;7:676–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vliet AC, Tannemaat MR, van Duinen SG, et al. Human neuroma-in-continuity contains focal deficits in myelination. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015;74:901–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pondaag W, van der Veken LPAJ, van Someren PJ, et al. Intraoperative nerve action and compound motor action potential recordings in patients with obstetric brachial plexus lesions. JNS 2008;109:946–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song J, Chen L, Gu Y. Effect of ipsilateral C7 nerve root transfer on restoration of rat upper trunk muscle and nerve function after brachial plexus root avulsion. Orthopedics 2010;33:886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelagh S, Ravi K. Clinical neurophysiology in peripheral nerve injuries. In: Birch R, ed. Surgical disorders of the peripheral nerves. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2011:191–229.
   Google Scholar
• Maldonado AA, Bishop AT, Spinner RJ, et al. Five operations that give the best results after brachial plexus injury. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;140:545–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song J, Qiu W, Chen L, et al. Transfers of the ipsilateral C7 plus the spinal accessory nerve versus triple nerve transfers for treatment of C5-C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus. J Hand Surg Am 2020;45:363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinner RJ, Shin AY, Elhassan BT, et al. Traumatic brachial plexus injury. In: Wolfe SW, et al., eds. Green’s operative hand surgery. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2017:1146–1207.
   Google Scholar
• Vergara-Amador E, Ramírez A. Ipsilateral brachial plexus C7 root transfer. Presentation of a case and a literature review. Neurocirugia 2014;25:20–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibon E, Romana C, Vialle R, et al. Isolated C5-C6 avulsion in obstetric brachial plexus palsy treated by ipsilateral C7 neurotization to the upper trunk: outcomes at a mean follow-up of 9 years. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2016;41:185–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafeiriou DI. Primitive reflexes and postural reactions in the neurodevelopmental examination. Pediatr Neurol 2004;31:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schieber MH, Santello M. Hand function: peripheral and central constraints on performance. J Appl Physiol 2004;96:2293–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanes DH, Reh TA, Harris WA. Development of the nervous system. 3rd ed. New York: Elsevier; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Rusanescu G. Adult spinal cord neurogenesis: a regulator of nociception. Neurogenesis 2016;3:e1256853.
   Google Scholar
• Rushton WA. A theory of the effects of fibre size in medullated nerve. J Physiol 1951;115:101–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas PK, Ochoa J. Microscopic anatomy of the peripheral nervous system. In: Dyck PJ. and Thomas, PK, eds. Peripheral neurophathy. 2nd ed. London: WB Saunders; 1984:39–91.
   Google Scholar
• Friede RL, Beuche W. Combined scatter diagrams of sheath thickness and fibre calibre in human sural nerves: changes with age and neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:749–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low LK, Cheng HJ. Axon pruning: an essential step underlying the developmental plasticity of neuronal connections. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006;361:1531–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adefuin AMD, Kimura A, Noguchi H, et al. Epigenetic mechanisms regulating differentiation of neural stem/precursor cells. Epigenomics 2014;6:637–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dromard C, Guillon H, Rigau V, et al. Adult human spinal cord harbors neural precursor cells that generate neurons and glial cells in vitro. J Neurosci Res 2008;86:1916–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pothayee N, Cummings DM, Schoenfeld TJ, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of odorant activity-dependent migration of neural precursor cells and olfactory bulb growth. Neuroimage 2017;158:232–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie M, Chen L, Gu Y. Constituent ratio of motor fibers from the C5-C7 spinal nerves in the radial nerve is greater in pup rats than in adult rats. Orthopedics 2012;35:e903–e908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppenheim RW. Cell death during development of the nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci 1991;14:453–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geden MJ, Romero SE, Deshmukh M. Apoptosis versus axon pruning: molecular intersection of two distinct pathways for axon degeneration. Neurosci Res 2019;139:3–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa AR, Pinto-Costa R, Sousa SC, et al. The regulation of axon diameter: from axonal circumferential contractility to activity-dependent axon swelling. Front Mol Neurosci 2018;11:319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan CS, Conlee EM, Sharma R, et al. Nerve conduction normal values for electrodiagnosis in pediatric patients. Muscle Nerve 2019;60:155–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar