Risk factors for intracranial lesions and mortality in older patients with mild traumatic brain injuries

References

• Papa L, Mendes ME, Braga CF. Mild traumatic brain injury among the geriatric population. Current Translational Geriatric Gerontology Reports. 2012;1:135–42. doi:10.1007/s13670-012-0019-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson HJ, McCormick WC, Kagan SH. traumatic brain injury in older adults: epidemiology, outcomes, and future implications. Journal of American Geriatric Society. 2006;54(10):1590–95. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00894.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Holst H, Cassidy J. Mandate of WHO collaborating centre task force on mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2004;36(0):8–10. doi:10.1080/16501960410023633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timiras P. The nervous system: structural and biochemical changes. In Timiras P, editor. Physiological basis of aging and geriatrics. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2003. pp. p. 99–118.
   Google Scholar
• Roy CW, Pentland B, Miller JD. The causes and consequences of minor head injury in the elderly. Injury. 1986;17:220–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak CHK, Wong SKH, Wong GK, Stephanie NG, Wang KKW, Lam PK, Pomn WS. Traumatic brain injury in the elderly: is it as bad as we think? Current Tranlational Geriatrics Gerontology Reports. 2012;1:171–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jagoda AS, Bazarian JJ, Jr, Bruns JJ Cantrill SV, Gean AD, Howard PK, Ghajar J, Riggio S, Wright DW, Wears RL, et al. Clinical policy: neuroimaging and decision making in adult mild traumatic brain injury in the acute setting. Annals Emergency Medicine. 2008;52(6):714–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagurney JT, Borczuk P, Thomas SH. Elder Patients with closed head trauma: a comparison with Nonelder patients. Academic Emergency Medicine. 1998;5(7):678–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack LR, Chan SB, Silva JC, Hogan TM., et al. The use of head computed tomography in elderly patients sustaining minor head trauma. Journal Emergency Medicine. 2003;24(2):157–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depreitere B, Meyfroidt G, Roosen G, Ceuppens J, Grandas FG. Traumatic brain injury in the elderly: a significant phenomenon. Acta Neurochirurgica,Supplementum. 2012;114:289–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pompucci A, De Bonis P, Pettorini B, Petrella G, Di Chirico A, Anile C. Decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury: patient age and outcome. Journal Neurotrauma. 2007;24(7):1182–88. doi:10.1089/neu.2006.0244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarani B, Temple-Lykens B, Kim P, Sonnad S, Bergey M, Pascual JL, Sims C, Schwab CW, Reilly P. Factors associated with mortality and brain injury after falls from the standing position. Journal of Trauma. 2009;67(5):954–58. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181ae6d39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smits M, Dippel DW, Steyerberg EW, de Haan GG, Dekker HM, Vos PE, Kool DR, Nederkoom PJ, Hofman PA, Twijnstra A. Predicting intracranial traumatic brain injury, findings on computed tomography in patients with minor head injury: the CHIP prediction rule. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2007;146:397–405. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-6-200703200-00004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeret JS, Mandell M, Anziska B, Lipizt M, Vilceus AP, Ware JA, Zesiewicz TA. Clinical predictors of abnormality disclosed by computed tomography after mild head trauma. Neurosurgery. 1993;32:9–16. doi:10.1227/00006123-199301000-00002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabbri A, Servidei F, Marchesini G, Morselli-Labate AM, Dente M, Iervese T, Spada M, Vandelli A. Prospective validation of a proposal for diagnosis and management of patients attending the emergency department for mild head injury. Journal Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2004;75:410–16. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.016113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre A, Metha S, Aubut J, Dijkers M, Teasell RW. Mortality among older adults after a traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis. Brain Injury. 2013;27(1):31–40. doi:10.3109/02699052.2012.700086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen K, Clement C, Lesiuk H, Laupacis A, McKnight RD, Verbeeck R, Brison R, Cass D. The Canadian CT head rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet. 2001;357(9266):1391–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04561-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haydel MJ, Preston CA, Mills TJ, Luber S, Blaudeau E, Deblieux P. Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. New England Journal Medicine. 2000;343(2):100–05. doi:10.1056/NEJM200007133430204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingebritsen T, Romner B, Kock-Jensen C. Scandinavian guidelines for initial management of minimal, mild, and moderate head injuries. The Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee. Journal Trauma. 2000;48:760–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unden J, Ingebrigtsen T, Rommer B; Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee. Scandinavian Guidelines for initial management of minimal, mild and moderate head injuries in adults: an evidence and consensus-based update. BMC Medicine. 2013;11:50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehoe A, Smith JE, Bouamra O, Edwards A, Yates D, Lecky F. Older patients with traumatic brain injury present with a higher GCS score than younger patients for a given severity of injury. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2016;33:381–85. doi:10.1136/emermed-2015-205180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unden L, Calcagnile O, Unde´N J, Reinstrup P, Bazarian J. Validation of the Scandinavian guidelines for initial management of minimal, mild and moderate traumatic brain injury in adults. BMC Med. 2015;13(1):292. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0533-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibañez J, Arikan F, Pedraza S, Sanchez E, Poca MA, Rodriguez D, Rubio E. Reliability of clinical guidelines in the detection of patients at risk following mild head injury: results of a prospective study. Journal Neurosurgery. 2004;100(5):825–34. doi:10.3171/jns.2004.100.5.0825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmons T, Menaker J. Traumatic brain injury in the elderly. Clinical Geriatrics. 2010;04:20–24.
   Google Scholar
• Duaso E, Lopez-Soto A. Valoración del paciente frágil en Urgencias. Emergencias. 2009;21:362–69.
   Google Scholar
• Fabbri A, Servadei F, Marchesini G, Stein SC, Vandelli A. Predicting intracranial lesions by antiplatelet agents in subjects with mild head injury. Journal Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2010;81:175–1279. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2009.197467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer ES, Reznikov B, Liberman RF, Baker RA, Rosenblatt MS, David CA, Flacke S. Incidence and predictors of intracranial hemorrhage after minor head trauma in patients taking anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication. Journal of Trauma. 2011;70:E1–5. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e5e286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leiblich A, Mason S. Emergency management of minor head injury in anticoagulated patients. Journal Neuroradiology. 2005;26:603–06.
   Google Scholar
• Mosenthal AC, Lavery RF, Addis M, Kaul S, Ross S, Marburger R, Deitch EA, Livingston DM. Isolated traumatic brain injury: age is an independent predictor of mortality and early outcome. Journal Trauma. 2002;5:907–11.
   Google Scholar
• Mina AA, Knipfer JF, Park DY, Bair HA, Howells GA, Bendick P. Intracranial complications of preinjury anticoagulation in trauma patients with head injury. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection and Critical Care. 2002;53(4):668–72. doi:10.1097/00005373-200210000-00008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gütleman AM, Ortiz AO, Keating DP. Indications for CT in patients receiving anticoagulation after head trauma. American Journal Neuroradiology. 2005;26:603–06.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garra G, Nashed AH, Capobianco L. Minor head trauma in anticoagulated patients. Academic Emergency Medicine. 1999;6:121–24. doi:10.1111/acem.1999.6.issue-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakier A, Guilburd JN, Soustiel JF, Zaaroor M, Feinsod M. Head injuries in the elderly. Brain Injury. 1995;9(2):187–94. doi:10.3109/02699059509008191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serebruany VL. Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and increased bleeding risk. are we missing something. American Journal of Medicine. 2006;119(2):113–16. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.03.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackman DG, Mrkobrada M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and brain hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 2012;79(18):1862–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin JY, Park MJ, Lee SH, Choi SH, Kim MH, Choi NK, Lee J, Park BJ. Risk of intracranial haemorrhage in antidepressant users with concurrent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. British Medical Journal. 2015;351:h3517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chattopadhayay A. Membrane organization and dynamics of the serotonin1a receptor monitored using fluorescence microscopic approaches. In Kaliptnapu S, Ty P, Chattopadhayay A, Chattopadhayay A, editor. Serotonin receptor in neurobiology. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2007. Chapter 3.
   Google Scholar
• Loane DJ, Faden AI. Neuroprotection for traumatic brain injury: translational challenges and emerging therapeutic strategies. Trends Pharmacology Science. 2010;31:596–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romstedt K, Huzoor A. Benzodiazepines inhibit human platelet activation: comparison of the mechanism of antiplatelet actions of flurazepam and diazepam. Thrombosis Research. 1985;38(4):361–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowman J, Dunne E, Oglesby I, Byme B, Ralph A, Voisin B, Müllers S, Ricco AJ, Kenny D. Age-related changes in platelet function are more profound in women than men. Scientific Reports. 2015;5:12235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochelle D, Schwart–Bloom RD, McDonough KJ, Chase PJ, Chadwick LE, Inglefield JR, Levin ED. Long-term neuroproteccion by benzodiazepine: full versus partial agonists after transient cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1998;18:548–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roof RL, Hall ED. Gender differences in acute CNS trauma and stroke. Neuroprotective effects of estrogen and progesterone. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2000;17:367–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis DP, Douglas DJ, Smith W, Sise MJ, Vilke GM, Holbrook TL, Kennedy F, Eastman AB, Velky T, Hoyt DB. Traumatic brain injury outcomes in pre and post-menopausal females versus age-matched males. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2006;23:140–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utomo WK, Gabbe BJ, Simpson PM, Cameron PA. Predictors of in-hospital mortality and 6 month functional outcomes in older adults after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Injury. 2009;40:973–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar