References
- Patricios JS, Ardern CL, Hislop MD, Aubry M, Bloomfield P, Broderick C, Clifton P, Echemendia RJ, Ellenbogen RG, Falvey ÉC, et al. Implementation of the 2017 Berlin concussion in sport group consensus statement in contact and collision sports: a joint position statement from 11 national and international sports organisations. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(10):635–41. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099079. (Journal Article).
- Ellenbogen RG, Batjer H, Cardenas J, Berger M, Bailes J, Pieroth E, Heyer R, Theodore N, Hsu W, Nabel E, et al. National football league head, neck and spine committee’s concussion diagnosis and management protocol: 2017-18 season. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(14):894–902. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099203. (Journal Article).
- Cochrane GD, Owen M, Ackerson JD, Hale MH, Gould S. Exploration of US men’s professional sport organization concussion policies. Phys Sportsmed. 2017;45(2):178–83. doi:10.1080/00913847.2017.1305875.
- Asplund CA, Best TM. Brain damage in American football inevitable consequence or avoidable risk? Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(15):1015–16. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-h1381rep.
- Kerr ZY, Register-Mihalik JK, Kay MC, DeFreese JD, Marshall SW, Guskiewicz KM. Concussion nondisclosure during professional career among a cohort of former national football league athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jan;46(1):22–29. doi:10.1177/0363546517728264.
- Baugh CM, Kroshus E. Concussion management in US college football: progress and pitfalls. Concussion. 2016 Mar;1(1):cnc.15.6. doi:10.2217/cnc.15.6.
- Mack C, Myers E, Barnes R, Solomon G, Sills A. Engaging athletic trainers in concussion detection: overview of the National football league ATC spotter program, 2011-2017. J Athl Train. 2019 Aug 15;54(8):852–57. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-181-19.
- McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvořák J, Aubry M, Bailes J, Broglio S, Cantu RC, Cassidy D, Echemendia RJ, Castellani RJ, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med. 2017 Jun;51(11):838–47. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699.
- King D, Brughelli M, Hume P, Gissane C. Assessment, management and knowledge of sport-related concussion: systematic review. Sports Med Auckl NZ. 2014 Apr;44(4):449–71. doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0134-x.
- Emery CA, Black AM, Kolstad A, Martinez G, Nettel-Aguirre A, Engebretsen L, Johnston K, Kissick J, Maddocks D, Tator C, et al. What strategies can be used to effectively reduce the risk of concussion in sport? A systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017 Jun;51(12):978–84. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097452.
- Teel EF, Marshall SW, Shankar V, McCrea M, Guskiewicz KM. Predicting recovery patterns after sport-related concussion. J Athl Train. 2017 Mar;52(3):288–98. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.12.
- Harmon KG, Clugston JR, Dec K, Hainline B, Herring S, Kane SF, Kontos AP, Leddy JJ, McCrea M, Poddar SK, et al. American medical society for sports medicine position statement on concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2019 Feb;53(4):213–25. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100338.
- Hebert O, Schlueter K, Hornsby M, Van Gorder S, Snodgrass S, Cook C. The diagnostic credibility of second impact syndrome: a systematic literature review. J Sci Med Sport Sports Med Aust. 2016;19(10):789–94. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.517. (Journal Article).
- Broglio SP, Cantu RC, Gioia GA, Guskiewicz KM, Kutcher J, Palm M, McLeod TCV, et al. National athletic trainers‘ association position statement: management of sport concussion. J Athl Train. 2014 Mar;49(2):245–65. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-49.1.07.
- Navarro SM, Sokunbi OF, Haeberle HS, Schickendantz MS, Mont MA, Figler RA, Ramkumar PN, et al. Short-term outcomes following concussion in the NFL: a study of player longevity, performance, and financial loss. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Nov;5(11):232596711774084. doi:10.1177/2325967117740847.
- Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, Terry DP, Ponsford JL, Sills AK, Broshek DK, Solomon GS, et al. Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017 Jun;51(12):941–48. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097729.
- Kamins J, Bigler E, Covassin T, Henry L, Kemp S, Leddy JJ, Mayer A, McCrea M, Prins M, Schneider KJ, et al. What is the physiological time to recovery after concussion? A systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017 Jun;51(12):935–40. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097464.
- Manley G, Gardner AJ, Schneider KJ, Guskiewicz KM, Bailes J, Cantu RC, Castellani RJ, Turner M, Jordan BD, Randolph C, et al. A systematic review of potential long-term effects of sport-related concussion. Br J Sports Med. 2017 Jun;51(12):969–77. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097791.
- Kerr ZY, Marshall SW, Harding HP, Guskiewicz KM. Nine-year risk of depression diagnosis increases with increasing self-reported concussions in retired professional football players. Am J Sports Med. 2012 Oct;40(10):2206–12. doi:10.1177/0363546512456193.
- Cantu RC, Gean AD. Second-impact syndrome and a small subdural hematoma: an uncommon catastrophic result of repetitive head injury with a characteristic imaging appearance. J Neurotrauma. 2010 Sep;27(9):1557–64. doi:10.1089/neu.2010.1334.
- Kerr ZY, Register-Mihalik JK, Kroshus E, Baugh CM, Marshall SW. Motivations associated with nondisclosure of self-reported concussions in former collegiate athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Jan;44(1):220–25. doi:10.1177/0363546515612082.
- ATC spotters: another set of eyes for injuries | NFL football operations [Internet]. [cited 2019 Apr 30]. https://operations.nfl.com/the-game/game-day-behind-the-scenes/atc-spotters/.
- SECsports. SEC outlines medical observer process. [Internet]. [cited 2019 Apr 30]. https://www.secsports.com/article/13508677/sec-outlines-medical-observer-process.
- Buckley TA, Baugh CM, Meehan WP, DiFabio MS. Concussion management plan compliance: a study of NCAA power 5 conference schools. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Apr;5(4):2325967117702606.
- Dopher M ACC football games will include medical observer [Internet]. WYFF. Greenville, NC; 2015 [cited 2019 May 1]. https://www.wyff4.com/article/acc-football-games-will-include-medical-observer/7017046.
- Carollo B 2015 big ten football media days [Internet]; 2015 [cited 2019 May 1]. http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/big10/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/2015-16/misc_non_event/delanyjim.pdf.
- Broome G ACC’s eyes from above a step toward better player safety [Internet]. charlotteobserver. [cited 2019 May 1]. https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/spt-columns-blogs/luke-decock/article27944956.html.
- Teel D Virginia tech trainer welcomes ACC mandate for medical observer in press box - Daily Press [Internet]. [cited 2019 Apr 30]. https://www.dailypress.com/sports/virginia-tech/dp-spt-teel-column-acc-medical-observer-20150726-column.html.
- Florio M ATC spotter failed to call medical timeout to remove Case Keenum – proFootballTalk [Internet]. [cited 2019 Apr 30]. https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2015/11/22/atc-spotter-failed-to-call-medical-timeout-to-remove-case-keenum/.
- Johnson G. NCAA approves experimental rule allowing medical observers for football [Internet]. NCAA.org - The Official Site of the NCAA; 2015 [cited 2019 Apr 30]. http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/news/ncaa-approves-experimental-rule-allowing-medical-observers-football.
- New J A different perspective on concussions [Internet]. [cited 2019 Apr 30]. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/07/27/football-conferences-putting-medical-spotters-replay-booths.
- Kekis J ACC’s medical observers another set of eyes to spot injury [Internet]. USA TODAY. [cited 2019 Apr 30]. https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/2015/10/07/accs-medical-observers-another-set-of-eyes-to-spot-injury/73528902/.
- Austin AV, Sasser P, Tanabe K, MacKnight JM, Kent JB. Video analysis of concussion exposures in a national collegiate athletic association division I football team. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020 Feb 1;8(2):2325967120903294. doi: 10.1177/2325967120903294.
- Baugh CM, Kiernan PT, Kroshus E, Daneshvar DH, Montenigro PH, McKee AC, Stern RA, et al. Frequency of head-impact–related outcomes by position in NCAA division I collegiate football players. J Neurotrauma. 2015 Mar;32(5):314–26. doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3582.
- Lessley DJ, Kent RW, Funk JR, Sherwood CP, Cormier JM, Crandall JR, Arbogast KB, Myers BS, et al. Video analysis of reported concussion events in the national football league during the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 seasons. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Dec;46(14):3502–10. doi:10.1177/0363546518804498.
- Nathanson JT, Connolly JG, Yuk F, Gometz A, Rasouli J, Lovell M, et al. Concussion incidence in professional football: position-specific analysis with use of a novel metric. Orthop J Sports Med 2016;4:2325967115622621.
- Casson IR, Viano DC, Powell JW, Pellman EJ. Twelve years of national football league concussion data. Sports Health Multidiscip Approach. 2010 Nov;2(6):471–83. doi:10.1177/1941738110383963.
- Zuckerman SL, Kerr ZY, Yengo-Kahn A, Wasserman E, Covassin T, Solomon GS. Epidemiology of sports-related concussion in NCAA athletes from 2009-2010 to 2013-2014: incidence, recurrence, and mechanisms. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Nov;43(11):2654–62. doi:10.1177/0363546515599634.
- Dompier TP, Kerr ZY, Marshall SW, Hainline B, Snook EM, Hayden R, Simon JE, et al. Incidence of concussion during practice and games in youth, high school, and collegiate american football players. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Jul 1;169(7):659. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0210.
- Football record by year [Internet]. College Football at Sports-Reference.com. [cited 2020 Apr 16]. https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/.