Trends in match concussion incidence and return-to-play time in male professional Rugby Union: A 16-season prospective cohort study

References

• Fuller CW, Brooks JH, Cancea RJ, Hall J, Kemp SPT. Contact events in rugby union and their propensity to cause injury. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(12):862–67. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.037499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp SP, Hudson Z, Brooks JH, Fuller CW. The epidemiology of head injuries in English professional rugby union. Clin J Sport Med. 2008;18(3):227–34. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e31816a1c9a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller CW, Taylor A, Raftery M. Epidemiology of concussion in men’s elite Rugby-7s (Sevens World Series) and Rugby-15s (Rugby World Cup, Junior World Championship and Rugby Trophy, Pacific Nations Cup and English Premiership). Br J Sport Med. 2015;49:478–83. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosgrave M, Williams S. The epidemiology of concussion in professional rugby union in Ireland. Phys Ther Sport. 2019;35:99–105. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.11.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West SW, Starling L, Kemp SPT, Williams S, Cross MJ, Taylor A, Brooks JHM, Stokes KA. Trends in match injury risk in professional male rugby union: a 16-season review of 10851 match injuries in the English Premiership (2002–2019): the Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project. Br J Sports Med. 2020. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH, Aubry M, Cantu B, Dvorak J, Echemendia RJ, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th international conference on concussion in sport held in Zurich, November 2012. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:250–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller GW, Kemp SPT, Decq P. The International Rugby Board (IRB) Pitch Side Concussion Assessment Trial: a pilot test accuracy study. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:529–35. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rugby Football Union. World first in tackling concussion [online]. 2014. Available from: http://www.englandrugby.com/news/world-first-tackling-concussion/.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller CW, Taylor A, Kemp SPT, Raftery M. Rugby World Cup 2015: world Rugby injury surveillance study. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:51–57. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner AJ, Iverson GL, Williams WH, Baker S, Stanwell P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of concussion in Rugby Union. Sports Med. 2014;44:1717–31. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0233-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller CW, Molloy MG, Bagate C, Bahr R, Brooks JH, Donson H, et al. Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures for studies of injuries in rugby union. Clin J Sport Med. 2007;17(3):177–81. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e31803220b3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rae K, Orchard J. The orchard sports injury classification system (OSICS) version 10. Clin J Sport Med. 2007;17:201–04. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e318059b536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubry M, Cantu R, Dvorak J, Graf-Baumann T, Johnston K, Kelly J, et al. Summary and agreement statement of the first International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Br J Sports Med. 2002;36:6–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory P, Johnston K, Meeuwisse WH, Aubry M, Cantu R, Dvorak J, et al. Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd international conference on concussion in sport, Prague 2004. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39:196–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH, Johnston K, Dvorak J, Aubry M, Molloy M, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 3rd international conference on concussion in sport held in Zurich, November 2008. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43:i76–i84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH, Dvorak J, Aubry M, Bailes J, Broglio S, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Rugby. Concussion management. [online]. 2014a. Available from: http://www.irbplayerwelfare.com/concussion.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller CW. Injury risk (burden), risk matrices and risk contours in team sports: a review of principles, practices and problems. Sports Med. 2018;48(7):1597–606. doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0913-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Royal Stat Soc. 1995;57:289–300.
   Google Scholar
• Moore IS, Ranson C, Mathema P. Injury risk in international Rugby Union: three-year injury surveillance of the Welsh national team. Orth J of Sport Med. 2015;3:2325967115596194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray AD, Murray IR, Robson J. Rugby Union: faster, higher, stronger: keeping an evolving sport safe. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:73–74. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller CW, Taylor AE, Brooks JH, Kemp SP. Changes in the stature, body mass and age of English professional rugby players: a 10-year review. J Sports Sci. 2013;31(7):795–802. doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.753156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker R, Lancaster S, Davies P, Street G, Starling L, De Coning C, Brown J. Trends in player body mass at men’s and women’s Rugby World Cups: a plateau in body mass and differences in emerging rugby nations. BMJ Open SEM. 2021. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000885.
   Google Scholar
• McHugh C, Hind K, O’Halloran A, Davey D, Farrell G, Wilson F. Body mass and body composition changes over 7 years in a male professional Rugby Union Team. Int J Sports Med. 2021. doi:10.1055/a-1403-2906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp SPT, West S, Brooks J, Cross M, Williams S, Anstiss T, et al. England Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project: 2017-18 Report. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Hootman JM, Dick R, Agel J. Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives. J Athl Train. 2007;42:311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quarrie KL, Murphy IR. Towards an operational definition of sports concussion: identifying a limitation in the 2012 Zurich consensus statement and suggesting solutions. Br J Sport Med. 2014;48:1589–91. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Rugby. Head injury assessment adopted into law: [online]; 2014b. Available from: http://www.worldrugby.org/news/70796.
   Google Scholar
• Helmy A, Agarwal M, Hutchinson PJ. Concussion and sport. BMJ. 2013;347:f5748. doi:10.1136/bmj.f5748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory P, Davis G, Makdissi M. Second impact syndrome or cerebral swelling after sporting head injury. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2012;11:21–23. doi:10.1249/JSR.0b013e3182423bfd.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee AC, Stein TD, Nowinski CJ, Stern RA, Daneshvar DH, Alvarez VE, et al. The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Brain. 2013;136:43–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordstrom A, Nordstrom P, Ekstrand J. Sports-related concussion increases the risk of subsequent injury by about 50% in elite male football players. Br J Sport Med. 2014;48:1447–50. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynall RC, Mauntel TC, Padua DA, Mihalik JP. Acute lower extremity injury rates increase following concussion in college athletes. Med Sci Sport Ex. 2015;47:2487–92. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross MJ, Kemp SPT, Smith A, Trewartha G, Stokes KA. Professional Rugby Union players have a 60% greater risk of time loss injury after concussion: a 2-season prospective study of clinical outcomes. Br J Sport Med. 2016;50:926–31. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quarrie KL, Hopkins WG. Tackle injuries in professional Rugby Union. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(9):1705–16. doi:10.1177/0363546508316768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh A, Savage TN, McCrory P, Frechede B, Wolfe R. Tackle characteristics and injury in a cross section of Rugby Union Football. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(5):977–84. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c07b5b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller CW, Ashton T, Brooks JHM, Cancea RJ, Hall J, Kemp SPT. Injury risks associated with tackling in rugby union. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(3):159–67. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.050864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross MJ, Tucker R, Raftery M, Hester B, Williams S, Stokes KA. Tackling concussion in professional rugby union: a case-control study of tackle-based risk factors and recommendations for primary prevention. Br J Sport Med. 2019;53(16):1021–25. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker R, Raftery M, Kemp S, Brown J, Fuller G, Hester B, et al. Risk factors for head injury events in professional rugby union: a video analysis of 464 head injury events to inform proposed injury prevention strategies. Br J Sport Med. 2017;51(15):1152–57. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker R, Raftery M, Fuller GW, Hester B, Kemp SPT, Cross MJ. A video analysis of head injuries satisfying the criteria for a head injury assessment in professional Rugby Union: a prospective cohort study. Br J Sport Med. 2017;51:1147–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes KA, Locke D, Roberts S, Henderson L, Tucker R, Ryan D, et al. Does reducing the height of the tackle through law change in elite men’s rugby union (The Championship, England) reduce the incidence of concussion? A controlled study in 126 games. Br J Sport Med. 2021;55(4):220–25. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger N, Lambert MI, Hendricks S. Lay of the land: narrative synthesis of tackle research in rugby union and rugby sevens. BMJ Open Sport Ex Med. 2020;19(6):e000645. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000645.
   Google Scholar
• Di Pietro V, O’Halloran P, Watson CN, Begum G, Acharjee A, Yakoub KM, Bentley C, Davies DJ, Iliceto P, Candilera G, et al. Unique diagnostic signatures of concussion in the saliva or male athletes: the Study of Concussion in Rugby Union through MicroRNAs (SCRUM). Br J Sport Med. 2021. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar