The burden of unsubstantiated messaging: collegiate athletes’ chronic traumatic encephalopathy mechanism beliefs

References

• Kroshus E, Baugh C. 2016. Concussion education in US collegiate sport: what is happening and what do athletes want? Health Edu Behav. 43(2):182–90. doi:10.1177/1090198115599380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace J, Covassin T, Nogle S, Gould D, Kovan J. 2017. Knowledge of concussion and reporting behaviors in high school athletes with or without access to an athletic trainer. J Athl Train. 52(3):228–35. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor S, Geaney D, Beidler E. Non-disclosure in Irish collegiate student-athletes: do concussion history, knowledge, pressure to play and gender impact concussion reporting? Phys Sportsmed. 2019;1–8. doi:10.1080/00913847.2019.1671141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister-Deitrick J, Beidler E, Wallace J, Anderson M. Concussion knowledge and reporting behaviors among collegiate athletes. Clin J Sport Med. Publish Ahead of Print; Epub ahead of print:2020. DOI:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000833.
   Google Scholar
• Kroshus E, Daneshvar DH, Baugh CM, Nowinski CJ, Cantu RC. 2014. NCAA concussion education in ice hockey: an ineffective mandate. Br J Sports Med. 48(2):135–40. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudreaux JD, Dolecheck J. Assessment of high school coaches’ knowledge retention of sport-related concussions. Research Issues in Contemporary Education. 2020;5(1):25–41.
   Google Scholar
• Kroshus E, Chrisman SPD. 2019. A new game plan for concussion education. Health Educ Behav. 46(6):916–21. doi:10.1177/1090198119859414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt JD, Weber ML, Suggs DW, Bierema L, Miller LS, Reifsteck F, Courson R, Hoff R, Dill K, Dunham J, et al. Improving concussion reporting across National College Athletic Association divisions using a theory-based, data-driven, multimedia concussion education intervention. J Neurotrauma. 2020;37(4):593–99. doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen I. 1991. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 50(2):179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay J, Johnson VE, Smith DH, Stewart W. 2016. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: the neuropathological legacy of traumatic brain injury. Annu Rev Pathol. 11(1):21–45. doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044116
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKee AC, Cantu RC, Nowinski CJ, Hedley-Whyte ET, Gavett BE, Budson AE et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009;68(7):709–35. doi:10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee AC, Cairns NJ, Dickson DW, Folkerth RD, Keene CD, Litvan I, et al. The first NINDS/NIBIB consensus meeting to define neuropathological criteria for the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;131(1):75–86. doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1515-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham J, Broglio SP, O’Grady M, Wilson F. 2020. History of sport-related concussion and long-term clinical cognitive health outcomes in retired athletes: a systematic review. J Athl Train. 55(2):132–58. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-297-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfson DI, Kuhn AW, Kerr ZY, Brett BL, Yengo-Kahn AM, Solomon GS, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy research viewed in the public domain: what makes headlines? Brain Inj. 2020;34(4):528–34. doi:10.1080/02699052.2020.1725843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart W, Allinson K, Al-Sarraj S, Bachmeier C, Barlow K, Belli A, et al. Primum non nocere: a call for balance when reporting on CTE. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(3):231–33. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30020-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr WB. 2020. Believers versus deniers: the radicalization of sports concussion and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) science. Can Psychol. 61(2):151. doi:10.1037/cap0000210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn AW, Yengo-Kahn AM, Kerr ZY, Zuckerman SL. 2017. Sports concussion research, chronic traumatic encephalopathy and the media: repairing the disconnect. Br J Sports Med. 51(24):1732–33. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merz ZC, Van Patten R, Lace J. 2017. Current public knowledge pertaining to traumatic brain injury: influence of demographic factors, social trends, and sport concussion experience on the understanding of traumatic brain injury sequelae. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 32(2):155–67. doi:10.1093/arclin/acw092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroshus E, Chrisman SP, Rivara FP. 2017. Parent beliefs about chronic traumatic encephalopathy: implications for ethical communication by healthcare providers. J Law Med Ethics. 45(3):421–30. doi:10.1177/1073110517737542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz P, Corcoran M, Kontos AP, Elbin R. 2020. Youth soccer parents’ perceptions of long-term effects of concussion. Dev Neuropsychol. 45(3):110–17. doi:10.1080/87565641.2020.1766464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daugherty J, Sarmiento K. 2018. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: what do parents of youth athletes know about it? Brain Inj. 32(13–14):1773–79. doi:10.1080/02699052.2018.1530801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawcett N, Gibson H, Abraham S. 2017. Perceptions of college student-athletes regarding the long-term effects of concussions. Health Care Manag. 36(3):210–18. doi:10.1097/HCM.0000000000000169
   Google Scholar
• Baugh CM, Kroshus E, Kiernan PT, Mendel D, Meehan WP 3rd. 2017. Football players’ perceptions of future risk of concussion and concussion-related health outcomes. J Neurotrauma. 34(4):790–97. doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokols D. 1992. Establishing and maintaining healthy environments: toward a social ecology of health promotion. Am Psychol. 47(1):6. doi:10.1037//0003-066x.47.1.6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Register-Mihalik J, Baugh C, Kroshus EZYK, Y. Kerr Z, Valovich McLeod ,TC. 2017. A multifactorial approach to sport-related concussion prevention and education: application of the socioecological framework. J Athl Train. 52(3):195–205. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lempke LB, Rawlins MLW, Lynall RC, Schmidt JD. 2020. The influence of concussion knowledge on reporting intentions in collegiate student-athletes. Athl Train Sports Health Care. 12(5):210–20. doi:10.3928/19425864-20190618-01
   Google Scholar
• Wallace J, Covassin T, Beidler E. 2017. Sex Differences in High School Athletes‘ Knowledge of Sport-Related Concussion Symptoms and Reporting Behaviors. J Athl Train. 52(7):682–88. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.3.06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurowski B, Pomerantz WJ, Schaiper C, Gittelman MA. 2014. Factors that influence concussion knowledge and self-reported attitudes in high school athletes. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 77(Suppl 3):S12–7. doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000000316
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerr ZY, Register-Mihalik JK, Kroshus E, Baugh CM, Marshall SW. 2016. Motivations associated with nondisclosure of self-reported concussions in former collegiate athletes. Am J Sports Med. 44(1):421–30. doi:10.1177/1073110517737542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baugh CM, Meehan WP 3rd, Kroshus E, McGuire TG, Hatfield LA. 2019. College football players less likely to report concussions and other injuries with increased injury accumulation. J Neurotrauma. 36(13):2065–72. doi:10.1080/87565641.2020.1766464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Register-Mihalik J, Valovich McLeod TC, Linnan LA, Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW. 2017. Relationship between concussion history and concussion knowledge, attitudes, and disclosure behavior in high school athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 27(3):321–24. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Register-Mihalik J, Cameron KL, Kay MC, Kerr ZY, Peck KY, Houston MN, Linnan LA, Hennink-Kaminski H, Gildner P, Svoboda SJ, et al. Determinants of intention to disclose concussion symptoms in a population of U.S. military cadets. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(5):509–15. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyashita TL, Timpson WM, Frye MA, Gloeckner GW. 2013. The Impact of an Educational Intervention on College Athletes‘ Knowledge of Concussions. Clin J Sport Med. 23(5):349–53. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e318289c321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurowski B, Pomerantz WJ, Schaiper C, Ho M, Gittelman MA. 2015. Impact of preseason concussion education on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of high school athletes. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 79(Suppl 3):S21–8. doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000000675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroshus E, Baugh CM, Daneshvar DH, Nowinski CJ, Cantu RC. 2015. Concussion reporting intention: a valuable metric for predicting reporting behavior and evaluating concussion education. Clin J Sport Med. 25(3):243–47. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feudtner C, Miles SH. 2018. Traumatic brain injury news reports and participation in high school tackle football. JAMA Pediatrics. 172(5):492–94. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broshek DK, De Marco AP, Freeman JR. 2015. A review of post-concussion syndrome and psychological factors associated with concussion. Brain Injury. 29(2):228–37. doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.974674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, Terry DP, Ponsford JL, Sills AK, Broshek DK, Solomon GS, et al. Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(12):941–48. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Register-Mihalik J, Guskiewicz KM, McLeod TCV, Linnan LA, Mueller FO, Marshall SW. 2013. Knowledge, attitude, and concussion-reporting behaviors among high school athletes: a preliminary study. J Athl Train. 48(5):645–53. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-48.3.20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner J, Hogg M, Oakes P, Reicher S, Wetherell M. Rediscovering the social group: a self-categorization theory. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• van Veelen R, Otten S, Cadinu M, Hansen N. 2016. An integrative model of social identification: self-stereotyping and self-anchoring as two cognitive pathways. Personality and Social Psychology Review. 20(1):3–26. doi:10.1177/1088868315576642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar