References
- AGERTON, E., and MORAN, M., 1995, Effects of race and dialect of examiner on language samples elicited from southern African American Preschoolers. Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders, 16, 25–30.
- BALL, M.J., 1992, Is clinical sociolinguistics possible? Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 6, 155–160.
- BISHOP, D., 1994, Grammatical errors in specific language impairment: competence or perform-ance limitations? Applied Psycholinguistics, 15, 507–550.
- BROWN, R., 1973, A First Language (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
- BURGEMEISTER, B., BLum, H., and LORGE, I., 1972, The Columbia Mental Maturity Scale (San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation).
- COHEN, J., 1988, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edn (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum).
- CRAIG, H., 1996, The challenges of conducting language research with African American children. In A. Kamhi, K., Pollock and Harris J .(Eds), Communication Development and Disorders in African American Children (Baltimore, MD: Paul Brookes), pp. 1–18.
- CRAIG, H., and WASHINGTON, J., 1994, The complex syntax skills of poor, urban, African-American preschoolers at school entry. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in the Schools, 25, 181–190.
- CRYSTAL, D., FLETCHER, P., and GARMAN, M., 1989, Grammatical Analysis of Language Disability, 2nd edn (London: Cole & Whurr).
- DUNN, M.L., and DUNN, M.L., 1981, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service).
- FLETCHER, P., and GARMAN, M., 1988, Normal language development and language impair-ment: syntax and beyond. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 2, 97–113.
- Cole K., P., Dale and Thal D.(Eds), Assessment of Communication and Language (Baltimore, MD: Paul Brookes).
- HOLLINGSHEAD, A., 1975, Four-factor index of social position (Unpublished manuscript, Yale University).
- HUGHES, D., FEY, M., and LONG, S., 1992, Developmental sentence scoring still useful after all these years. Topics in Language Disorders, 3, 1–27.
- IssAcs, G., 1996, Persistence of non-standard dialect in school-age children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 39, 434–441.
- KING, G., and FLETCHER, P., 1993, Grammatical problems in school-age children with specific language impairment. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 7, 339–352.
- LEADHOLM, B., and MILLER, J., 1992, Language Sample Analysis: The Wisconsin guide (Milwaukee, WI: Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction).
- LEE, L., 1974, Developmental Sentence Analysis (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press).
- LEE, L., and CANTER, S., 1971, Developmental sentence scoring a procedure for estimating syntactic development in children's spontaneous speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 36, 315–340.
- LIVELY, M., 1984, Developmental sentence scoring common scoring errors. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 15, 154–168.
- LOEB, D., and LEONARD, L., 1991, Subject case marking and verb morphology in normally developing and specifically language-impaired children Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 340–346.
- LONG, S., and FEY, M., 1993, Clinical Profiling (San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation).
- LUCAS, C., and BORDERS, D., 1994, Language Diversity and Classroom Discourse (Norwood, NJ: A blex).
- MCGREGOR, K., and LEONARD, L., 1994, Subject pronoun and article omissions in the speech of children with specific language impairment: a phonological interpretation. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 171–181.
- MILLER, J., and CHAPMAN, R., 1992, Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts. (Madison, WI: Language Analysis Laboratory, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin).
- NELSON, N., 1991, Black English sentence scoring (Unpublished manuscript, Western Michigan University).
- OETTING, J., and HOROHOV, J., 1997, Past tense marking by children with and without specific language impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 40, 62–74.
- OETTING, J., CANTRELL, J., and HOROHOV, J., 1995, Identification of language impairment in the context of local dialect (Poster presented at the annual convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Orlando, FL).
- Powell T.(Ed.), Pathologies of Speech and Language: Contributions of clinical phonetics and linguistics (New Orleans, LA: ICPLA).
- PLANTE, E., SWISHER, L., KIERNAN, G., and RESTREPO, M., 1993, Language matches: illuminat-ing or confounding? Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 772–776.
- RAMER, A., and REES, N., 1972, Selected aspects of the development of English morphology in Black American children of low socioeconomic background. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 16, 569–577.
- RICE, M., and OETTING, J., 1993, Morphological deficits of children with SLI: evaluation of number marking and agreement. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 1254–1262.
- RICE, M., and WEXLER, K., 1995, Tense over time (Paper presented at the Boston Child Language Conference, Boston, MA).
- RICE, M., and WEXLER, K., 1996, Tense as a clinical marker of specific language impairment in English-speaking children Journal of Speech—Language—Hearing, 39, 1239–1257.
- RICE, M., WEXLER, K., and CLEAVE, P., 1995, Specific language impairment as a period of extended optional infinitive. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38, 850–863.
- ROLLINS, P., 1995, MLU as a matching variable: understanding its limitations (Poster pre-sented at the 16th annual Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI).
- SCARBOROUGH, H., 1990, Index of productive syntax. Applied Psycholinguistics, 11, 1–22.
- STOCKMAN, I., 1996, The promises and pitfalls of language sample analysis as an assessment tool for linguistic minority children Speech, Language, and Hearing Services in theSchools, 27, 355–366.
- US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (Database C9OSTF3A), Bureau of the Census (1990). Statistical Abstract of the United States, 110th edn. Washington, DC.
- Taylor O.(Ed.), Treatment of Communication Disorders in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations (San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press).
- Issues in assessing the language abilities of African American children In A. Kamhi, K., Pollock and Harris J.(Eds), Communication Development and Disorders in African American Children: Research, assessment, and intervention (Baltimore: Paul Brookes).
- WASHINGTON, J., and CRAIG, H., 1994, Dialectal forms during discourse of poor, urban African American preschoolers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 816–823.
- WATKINS, R., and RICE, M., 1994, Specific Language Impairments in Children (Baltimore, MD: Paul Brookes).
- WOLFRAM, W., 1991, Dialects and American English. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall).