An insight into the impact of triazophos and deltamethrin pesticides as individual and in combination on oxidative stress and histopathological alterations in Eudrilus eugeniae

References

• Yarsan E, Bilgili A, Kanbur M, et al. Effects of deltamethrin on lipid peroxidation in mice. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2002;44:73–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang H-P, Liang Y-J, Sun Y-J, et al. Subchronic neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and their combination in rats. Environ Toxicol. 2014;29:1193–1200. doi: 10.1002/tox.21851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu M-Y, Wang P, Sun Y-J, et al. Redox status in liver of rats following subchronic exposure to the combination of low dose dichlorvos and deltamethrin. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2015;124:60–65. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta VK, Siddiqi NJ, Ojha AK, et al. Hepatoprotective effect of Aloe vera against cartap- and malathion- induced toxicity in Wistar rats. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(10):18329–18343. doi: 10.1002/jcp.28466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou S, Duan C, Michelle WHG, et al. Individual and combined toxic effects of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on earthworm. J Environ Sci (China). 2011;23:676–680. doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60462-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin T, Ochou OG, Vaissayre M, et al. Organophosphorus insecticides synergize pyrethroids in the resistant strain of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fromWest Africa. J Econ Entomol. 2003;96:468–474. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-96.2.468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folt CL, Chen CY, Moore MV, et al. Synergism and antagonism among multiple stressors. Limnol Oceanogr. 1999;44:864–877. doi: 10.4319/lo.1999.44.3_part_2.0864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo Y, Zang Y, Zhong Y, et al. Toxicological study of two pesticides on earthworm Eisenia foetida. Chemosphere. 1999;39:2437–2356. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00142-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sizmur T, Hodson ME. Do earthworms impact metal mobility and availability in soil? A review. Environ Pollut. 2009;157:1981–1989. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.02.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett MD, Briones MJI, Neilson R, et al. A critical review of current methods in earthworm ecology: from individuals to populations. Eur J Soil Biol. 2010;46:67–73. doi: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2009.11.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Römbke J, Jänsch S, Didden W. The use of earthworms in ecological soil classification and assessment concepts. Ecotox Environ Safe. 2005;62:249–265. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.03.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeardley RB, Lazorchak JM, Gast LC. The potential of an earthworm avoidance test for evaluation of hazardous waste sites. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1996;15:1532–1537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinberg JGH. Annulata nova. Vol. 23. Stockholm: Öfversigt af Königlich Vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar; 1867. p. 337–357.
   Google Scholar
• Madge DS. Field and laboratory studies on the activities of two species of tropical earthworms. Pedobiologia. 1969;9:184–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuhauser EF, Kaplan DL, Hartenstein R. Life history of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Revue d’Ecologie et Biologie du Sol. 1979;16:525–534.
   Google Scholar
• Reinecke AJ, Viljoen SA, Saayman RJ. The suitability of Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) for vermi-composting in Southern Africa in terms of their temperature requirements. Soil Biol Biochem. 1992;24:1295–1307. doi: 10.1016/0038-0717(92)90109-B
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinecke AJ, Viljoen SA. Effects of worm density on growth and cocoon production of the African Nightcrawler Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta). Eur J Soil Biol. 1993;29:29–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez J, Edwards CA, Ashby J. The biology and population dynamics of Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg) (Oligochaeta) in cattle waste solids. Pedobiologia. 2001;45:341–353. doi: 10.1078/0031-4056-00091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards CA, Bohlen PJ. Biology and ecology of earthworms. 3rd ed. London: Chapman & Hall; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Fragoso C, Brown GG, Patrón JC, et al. Agricultural intensification, soil biodiversity and agrosystem function in the tropics: the role of earthworms. Appl Soil Ecol. 1997;6:17–35. doi: 10.1016/S0929-1393(96)00154-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims RW, Gerard BM. Earthworms. London: FSC Publications; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Jones CG, Lawton JH, Shachak M. Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos. 1994;69:373–386. doi: 10.2307/3545850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavelle P, Spain AV. Soil ecology. Amsterdam: Kluwer Scientific; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Pelosi C, Barot S, Capowiez Y, et al. Pesticides and earthworms. a review. Agron Sustain Dev. 2014;34:199–228. doi: 10.1007/s13593-013-0151-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuzmen N, Candan N, Kays E, et al. Biochemical effects of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin on altered antioxidative defense mechanisms and lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Cell Biochem Funct. 2008;26:119–124. doi: 10.1002/cbf.1411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu XL, Sun ZJ, Chong W, et al. Growth and stress responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to Escherichia coli O157:H7 in an artificial soil. Microb Pathog. 2009;46:266–272. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naveed A, Janaiah C. Effect of triazophos on protein metabolism in the fish. Channa punctatus (Bloch). Curr Res J Biol Sci. 2011;3:124–128.
   Google Scholar
• Villarini M, Moretti M, Pasquini R, et al. In vitro genotoxic effects of the insecticide deltamethrin in human peripheral blood leukocytes: DNA damage (‘comet’ assay) in relation to the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges and micronuclei. Toxicology. 1998;130:129–139. doi: 10.1016/S0300-483X(98)00097-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. Test No. 207:earthworm, acute toxicity tests, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, Section 2. Paris: OECD Publishing; 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Singh S, Tiwari RK, Pandey RS. Acute toxicity evaluation of triazophos, deltamethrin and their combination on earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae and its impact on AChE activity. Chem Ecol. 2019;35(6):563–575. doi: 10.1080/02757540.2019.1600679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari RK, Singh S, Pandey RS. Assessment of acute toxicity and biochemical responses to chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their combination exposed earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae. Toxicol Rep. 2019;6:288–297. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niehaus WG Jr, Samuelsson B. Formation of malondialdehyde from phospholipids archidonate during microsomal lipid peroxidation. Eur J Biochem. 1968;6:126–130. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968.tb00428.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellman GL, Fiches FT. Quantitative determination of peptides by sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959;82:70–77. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marklund S, Marklund G. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur J Biochem. 1974;47:469–474. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinha AK. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem. 1972;47:389–394. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(72)90132-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem. 1974;249:7130–7139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horecker BL, Kornberg AC. The extinction coefficients of the reduced band of pyridine nucleotides. J Biol Chem. 1948;175:385–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plummer DT. In: An introduction to practical biochemistry (Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., eds). New Delhi, India; 1971.
   Google Scholar
• Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Am J Clin Pathol. 1957;28:56–63. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry OH, Rosenbrough NJ, Farr AL, et al. Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951;193:265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruning JL, Knitz BL. Computational handbook of statistics. 2nd ed. Glenview (IL): Scott, Foresman and Company; 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Calisi A, Zaccarelli N, Lionetto MG, et al. Integrated biomarker analysis in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris: application to the monitoring of soil heavy metal pollution. Chemosphere. 2013;90:2637–2644. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreck E, Geret F, Gontier L, et al. Neurotoxic effect and metabolic responses induced by a mixture of six pesticides on earthworm Aporrectodea Caliginosa nocturna. Chemosphere. 2008;71:1832–1839. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phyu YL, Palmer CG, Warne MS, et al. A comparison of mixture toxicity assessment: examining the chronic toxicity of atrazine, permethrin and chlorothalonil in mixtures to Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia. Chemosphere. 2011;85:1568–1573. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepić S, Hackenberger BK, Velki M, et al. Effects of individual and binary-combined commercial insecticides endosulfan, temephos, malathion and pirimiphos-methyl on biomarker responses in earthworm Eisenia andrei. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013;36:715–723. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, An X, Shen W, et al. Individual and combined toxic effects of herbicide atrazine and three insecticides on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol. 2016;25:991–999. doi: 10.1007/s10646-016-1656-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Castellanos L, Sanchez-Hernandez TC. Earthworm biomarkers of pesticide contamination: current status and perspectives. J Pestic Sci. 2007;32:360–371. doi: 10.1584/jpestics.R07-14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent HK, Taylor AG. Biomarkers and potential mechanisms of obesity- induced oxidant stress in humans. Int J Obes. 2006;30:400–418. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhalwagy MEA, Zaki NI. Comparative study on pesticide mixture of organophosphorus and pyrethroid in commercial formulation. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009;28:219–224. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2009.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin DS, Zhou QX, Xie XJ, et al. Potential biochemical and genetic toxicity of triclosan as an emerging pollutant on earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Chemosphere. 2010;81:1328–1333. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Zhou QX, Wang YY. Ecotoxicological responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to soil contaminated with HHCB. Chemosphere. 2011;83:1080–1086. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross D. Glutathione, free radicals and chemotherapeutic agents. Mechanisms of free radical induced toxicity and glutathione-dependent protection. Pharmacol Therapeut. 1988;37:231–249. doi: 10.1016/0163-7258(88)90027-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdollahi M, Ranjbar A, Shadnia S, et al. Pesticides and oxidative stress: a review. Med Sci Monit. 2004;10:144–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranjbar A, Pasalar P, Sedighi A, et al. Induction of oxidative stress in paraquat formulating workers. Toxicol Lett. 2002;131:191–194. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00033-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velki M, Hackenberger BK. Biomarker responses in earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to pirimiphos-methyl and deltamethrin using different toxicity tests. Chemosphere. 2013;90:1216–1226. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kale M, Rathore N, John S, et al. Lipid peroxidative damage on pyrethroid exposure and alteration in antioxidant status in rat erythrocytes. A possible involvement of reactive oxygen species. Toxicol Lett. 1999;105:197–205. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00399-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anitha M, Anitha R, Vijayaraghavan R, et al. Oxidative stress and neuromodulatory effects of deltamethrin and its combination with insect repellents in rats. Environ Toxicol. 2019;34(6):753–759. doi: 10.1002/tox.22741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B. Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J Neurochem. 1992;59:1609–1623. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb10990.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijaya Padma V, Sowmya P, Arun Felix T, et al. Protective effect of gallic acid against lindane induced toxicity in experimental rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49:991–998. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J-H, Zhu L-S, Liu W, et al. Biochemical responses of earthworm (Eisenia foetida) to the pesticides chlorpyrifos and fenvalerate. Toxicol Mech Meth. 2012;22:236–241. doi: 10.3109/15376516.2011.640718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegedüs A, Erdei S, Horváth G. Comparative studies of H2O2 detoxifying enzymes in green and greening barley seedlings under cadmium stress. Plant Sci. 2001;160:1085–1093. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00330-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Song YF, Sun TH, et al. Effects of phenanthrene and pyrene on Cytochrome P450 and antioxidant enzymes of earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Environ Chem. 2007;26:202–207 (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Oruc EO, Sevgiler Y, Uner N. Tissue- specific oxidative stress responses in fish exposed to 2,4-D and azinphosmethyl. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2004;137:43–51. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2003.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling LT, Palanisamy UD, Cheng HM. Prooxidant/ antioxidant ratio (ProAntidex) as a better index of net free radical scavenging potential. Molecules. 2010;15:7884–7892. doi: 10.3390/molecules15117884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First MR, Kalpan L, Pesce AJ. Clinical chemistry: theory, analysis, and correlation. Philadelphia (MO): Mosby-Year Book; 1991. p. 609–610.
   Google Scholar
• Shekari M, Sendi JJ, Etebari K, et al. Effects of Artemisia annua L. (Asteracea) on nutritional physiology and enzyme activities of Elm leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola Mull. (Coleoptera: Chrysomellidae). Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2008;91:66–74. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2008.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamantino TC, Almeida E, Soares AM, et al. Lactate dehydrogenase activity as an effect criterion in toxicity tests with Daphnia magna straus. Chemosphere. 2001;45:553–560. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00029-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro S, Guilhermino L, Sousa JP, et al. Novel bioassay based on acetylcholinesterase and lactate dehydrogenase activities to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals to soil isopods. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1999;44:287–293. doi: 10.1006/eesa.1999.1837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan SS, Kalaivani K, Chung PG, et al. Effect of neem limonoids on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Chemosphere. 2006;62:1388–1393. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi G, Kachhwaha N, Dabi I. Comparative studies on carbofuran-induced changes in some cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes and proteins of epigeic, anecic and endogeic earthworms. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2010;96:30–35. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.08.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakshmaiah G. Acute lethal and chronic sublethal toxic stress induced alterations in lactate dehydrogenase activity of phorate intoxicated freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. Int J Fish Aquat Stud. 2016;4:685–689.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Sharma B, Pandey RS. λ-Cyhalothrin and cypermethrin induce stress in the freshwater muddy fish, Clarias batrachus. Toxicol Environ Chem. 2014;96:136–149. doi: 10.1080/02772248.2014.913865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosleh YY, Ismail SMM, Ahmed MT, et al. Comparative toxicity and biochemical responses of certain pesticides to the mature earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa under laboratory conditions. Environ Toxicol. 2003;18:338–346. doi: 10.1002/tox.10134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issam C, Zohra H, Monia Z, et al. Effects of dermal subchronic exposure of pubescent male rats to permethrin (PRMT) on the histological structures of genital tract, testosterone and lipoperoxidation. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2011;63:393–400. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.02.016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ukpabi CF, Akubugwo EI, Ibiam UA, et al. Fertilizer application effect on heavy metal composition and biochemical responses of earthworm Eisenia Fetida (Savigny) in a sandy farm soil. Am J Biochem. 2013;3:74–79.
   Google Scholar
• Mauro P, Renze B, Wouter W. Enzymes. In: AB Carl, R Edward, EB David, editor. Tietz text book of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics. 4th ed., Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2006. p. 604–616.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley ON, Joy OA. Histopathological effects of glyphosate and its toxicity to the earthworm Nsukkadrilus mbae. Br Biotechnol J. 2014;4:149–163. doi: 10.9734/BBJ/2014/6727
   Google Scholar
• Saxena PN, Gupta SK, Murthy RC. Comparative toxicity of carbaryl, carbofuran, cypermethrin and fenvalerate in Metaphire posthuma and Eisenia fetida — a possible mechanism. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2014;100:218–225. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lourenço J, Silva A, Carvalho F, et al. Histopathological changes in the earthworm Eisenia andrei associated with the exposure to metals and radionuclides. Chemosphere. 2011;85:1630–1634. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar