References
- Members of Coordinating Committee. British guidelines on asthma management. Thorax 1997; 52(suppl 1)S1
- Aysen S, Lütfi C. Effects of the long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids on bone mineral density in asthmatic women. Respirology 2001; 6: 131–134
- Lipworth B. Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids therapy. Arch Int Med 1999; 159: 941–955
- Fujita K, Kasayama S, Hashimoto J, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids reduce bone mineral density in early postmenopausal but not in premenopausal asthmatic women. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16: 782–787
- Mari I P, Lam K, Yam L, Kung A, Matthew N G. Decreased bone mineral density in premenopausal asthma patients receiving long-term inhaled steroids. Chest 1994; 105: 1722–1727
- Scanlon D, Connett J, Wise R, et al. Loss of bone density with inhaled triamcinolone in lung health study 2. Am J Res Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 1302–1309
- Struijs A, Mulder H. The effect of inhaled corticosteroids on bone mass and biochemical markers of bone homeostasis: a 1-year study of beclomethasone versus budesonide. Netherlands J Med 1997; 50: 233–237
- Teelucksingh S, Padfield P, Tibi L. Inhaled corticosteroids, bone formation and osteocalcin. The Lancet 1991; 338: 60–61
- Johnell O, Pauwels R, Löfdahl C, et al. Bone mineral density in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with budesonide Turbohaler. Eur Res J 2002; 19: 1058–1063
- Matsumoto H, Ishirara K, Hasegawa T, Umeda B, Nümi A, Hino M. Effects of inhaled corticosteroids and short courses of oral corticosteroids on bone mineral density in asthmatic patients. Chest 2001; 120: 1468–1473
- de Vries F, Pouwels S, van Staa T P, et al. Use of inhaled and oral corticosteroids, severity of inflammatory disease and risk of hip/femur fracture: a population-based case control study. J Int Med 2007; 261: 170–177
- Lane N. Osteoporosis. Is there a rational approach to fracture prevention?. Bull NYU Hosp Joint Dis 2006; 64: 67–71
- Porthouse J, Birks Y, Torgerson D, Cockayne S, Puffer S, Watt I. Risk factors for fracture in a UK population: a prospective cohort study. QJM 2004; 97: 569–574
- Ensrud K, Duong T, Cummings S R, et al. Low fractional calcium absorption increases the risk for hip fracture in women with low calcium intake. Ann Int Med 2000; 132: 345–353
- Cummings S R, Nevitt M, Browner W, et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. N Eng J Med 1995; 332: 767–773
- Seeman E, Hopper J L, Bach L, et al. Reduced bone mass in daughters of women with osteoporosis. N Eng J Med 1989; 321: 554–558
- Krall E A, Dawson-Hughes B. Smoking and bone loss among postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 1991; 6: 331–338
- Campbell I A, Douglas J G, Francis F, Reid D M. Five-year study of etidronate and/or calcium as prevention and treatment for osteoporosis and fractures in patients with asthma receiving long term oral and/or inhaled glucocorticoids. Thorax 2004; 59: 761–768
- Adachi J D, Bensen W G, Hanley J, Hodsman A, Josse R. Intermittent etidronate therapy prevents GIO. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 382–387
- Lau E M, Woo J, Chan Y, Li M. Alendronate for the prevention of bone loss in patients on inhaled steroid therapy. Bone 2001; 29: 506–510
- Muratore M, Santacesaria G, Quarta E, Calcagnile F, Cosentiono L, Muratore L. Prevention with clodronate of osteoporosis secondary to inhaled corticosteroid treatment in patients with chronic asthma bronchitis. Int J Clin Pharm Res 2000; 61–64
- Herrala J, Puolijoki K, Liippo K, et al. Clodronate is effective in preventing corticosteroid-induced bone loss among asthmatic patients. Bone 1998; 22: 577–582