The current prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema related symptoms in school-aged children in Costa Rica

References

• Aït-Khaled N, Enarson D, Bousquet J. Chronic respiratory diseases in developing countries: the burden and strategies for prevention and management. Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79(10):971–9. PMID:11693980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousquet J, Bousquet PJ, Godard P, Daures J-PP. The public health implications of asthma. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(7):548–54. PMID:16175830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forno E, Lasky-Su J, Himes B, Howrylak J, Ramsey C, Brehm J, et al. Genome-wide association study of the age of onset of childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012; 130(1):83–90.e4. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.03.020. PMID:22560479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma S, Zhou X, Thibault DM, Himes BE, Liu A, Szefler SJ, et al. A genome-wide survey of CD4(+) lymphocyte regulatory genetic variants identifies novel asthma genes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(5):1153–1162. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himes BE, Lasky-Su J, Wu AC, Wilk JB, Hunninghake GM, Klanderman B, et al. Asthma-susceptibility variants identified using probands in case-control and family-based analyses. BMC Med Genet. 2010;11:122. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-11-122. PMID:20698975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunninghake GM, Soto-Quirós ME, Lasky-Su J, Avila L, Ly NP, Liang C, et al. Dust mite exposure modifies the effect of functional IL10 polymorphisms on allergy and asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(1):93–8, 8.e1-5. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.015. PMID:18440625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbarao P, Becker A, Brook JR, Daley D, Mandhane PJ, Miller GE, et al. Epidemiology of asthma: risk factors for development. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2009;5(1):77–95. doi:10.1586/1744666X.5.1.77. PMID:20476901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell EA, Beasley R, Keil U, Montefort S, Odhiambo J, Group IPTS. The association between tobacco and the risk of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema in children and adolescents: analyses from phase three of the ISAAC programme. Thorax. 2012;67(11):941–9. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200901. PMID:22693180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabenhenrich LB, Gough H, Reich A, Eckers N, Zepp F, Nitsche O, et al. Early-life determinants of asthma from birth to age 20 years: a German birth cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(4):979–88. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.035. PMID:24461583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keil T, Lau S, Roll S, Grüber C, Nickel R, Niggemann B, et al. Maternal smoking increases risk of allergic sensitization and wheezing only in children with allergic predisposition: longitudinal analysis from birth to 10 years. Allergy. 2009;64(3):445–51. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01867.x. PMID:19170671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celedón JC, Soto-Quiros ME, Hanson LA, Weiss ST. The relationship among markers of allergy, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in Costa Rica. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2002;13(2):91–7. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3038.2002.00083.x. PMID:12000480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrillo G, Perez Patron MJ, Johnson N, Zhong Y, Lucio R, Xu X. Asthma prevalence and school-related hazardous air pollutants in the US-Mexico border area. Environ Res. 2018;162:41–8. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.057. PMID:29278810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarnieri M, Balmes JR. Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Lancet. 2014;383(9928):1581–92. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60617-6. PMID:24792855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orellano P, Quaranta N, Reynoso J, Balbi B, Vasquez J. Association of outdoor air pollution with the prevalence of asthma in children of Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Asthma. 2017. doi:10.1080/02770903.2017.1402342. PMID:29211546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddel HK, Levy ML, Global Initiative for Asthma Scientific Committee, and Dissemination and Implementation Committee. The GINA asthma strategy report: what's new for primary care? NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2015;25:15050. doi:10.1038/npjpcrm.2015.50. PMID:26224549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher MI, Stewart AW, Wong G, Strachan DP, García-Marcos L, Anderson HR, et al. Changes over time in the relationship between symptoms of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema: a global perspective from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2012;40(5):267–74. doi:10.1016/j.aller.2011.11.004. PMID:22297190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto-Quiros ME, Soto-Martinez M, Hanson LA. Epidemiological studies of the very high prevalence of asthma and related symptoms among school children in Costa Rica from 1989 to 1998. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2002;13(5):342–9. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3038.2002.02035.x. PMID:12431193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce N, Douwes J. The global epidemiology of asthma in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10(2):125–32. PMID:16499249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallol J, Solé D, Asher I, Clayton T, Stein R, Soto-Quiroz M. Prevalence of asthma symptoms in Latin America: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000;30(6):439–44. doi:10.1002/1099-0496(200012)30:6%3c439::AID-PPUL1%3e3.0.CO;2-E. PMID:11109054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkstén B, Clayton T, Ellwood P, Stewart A, Strachan D, Group IPIS. Worldwide time trends for symptoms of rhinitis and conjunctivitis: phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19(2):110–24. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00601.x. PMID:17651373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher MI, Montefort S, Björkstén B, Lai CK, Strachan DP, Weiland SK, et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC phases one and three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet. 2006;368(9537):733–43. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69283-0. PMID:16935684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. The international study of Asthma and Allergies in childhood (ISAAC) steering committee. Lancet. 1998;351(9111):1225–32. PMID:9643741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Mutius E. The rising trends in asthma and allergic disease. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;28(Suppl 5):45–9; discussion 50–1. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.028s5045.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun WW, Gupta L, Andreae AE, Romutis K, Borda AM, Sabu P, et al. Prevalence of pediatric asthma risk in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Ann Glob Health. 2017;83(2):293–9. doi:10.1016/j.aogh.2016.12.002. PMID:28619404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao D, Tang R, Wu R, Hu H, Sun LJ, Zhu H, et al. Prevalence trends in the characteristics of patients with allergic asthma in Beijing, 1994 to 2014. Med (Baltimore). 2017;96(22):e7077. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000007077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz AA, Stelmach R, Ponte EV. Asthma prevalence and severity in low-resource communities. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;17(3):188–93. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000360. PMID:28333691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elizalde-Beiras I, Guillen-Grima F, Aguinaga-Ontoso I. Prevalence of Asthma in children and adolescents in a rural area. Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53(8):460–1. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2016.12.012. PMID:28238514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson JA, Chu LM, Rennie DC, Hagel L, Karunanayake CP, Pahwa P, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of atopic and nonatopic asthma among rural children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017;118(3):304–10. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2016.11.024. PMID:28087381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto-Quiros M, Bustamante M, Gutierrez I, Hanson LA, Strannegård IL, Karlberg J. The prevalence of childhood asthma in Costa Rica. Clin Exp Allergy. 1994;24(12):1130–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb03318.x. PMID:7889426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celedón JC, Soto-Quiros ME, Silverman EK, Hanson L, Weiss ST. Risk factors for childhood asthma in Costa Rica. Chest. 2001;120(3):785–90. doi:10.1378/chest.120.3.785. PMID:11555510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto-Martinez M, Avila L, Soto N, Chaves A, Celedon JC, Soto-Quiros ME. Trends in hospitalizations and mortality from asthma in Costa Rica over a 12- to 15-year period. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014;2(1):85–90. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2013.09.010. PMID:24565774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher MI, Keil U, Anderson HR, Beasley R, Crane J, Martinez F, et al. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods. Eur Respir J. 1995;8(3):483–91. doi:10.1183/09031936.95.08030483. PMID:7789502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellwood P, Asher MI, Beasley R, Clayton TO, Stewart AW, Committee IS. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): phase three rationale and methods. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9(1):10–6. PMID:15675544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss ST. Environmental risk factors in childhood asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;28(Suppl 5):29–34; discussion 50–1. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.028s5029.x. PMID:9988444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper R, Morgan W, Cota K, Wright A, Taussig L. Physiological growth and development of the lung during the first year of life. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1998;(134):513–9.
   Google Scholar
• Shamssain MH, Shamsian N. Prevalence and severity of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema in 13- to 14-year-old schoolchildren from the northeast of England. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;86(4):428–32. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62490-8. PMID:11345287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamssain M. Trends in the prevalence and severity of asthma, rhinitis and atopic eczema in 6- to 7- and 13- to 14-yr-old children from the north-east of England. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18(2):149–53. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00498.x. PMID:17338788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Bai J, Shen K, Xiang L, Huang S, Chen A, et al. Self-reported prevalence of childhood allergic diseases in three cities of China: a multicenter study. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:551. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-551. PMID:20836838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto-Quiros ME, Silverman EK, Hanson LA, Weiss ST, Celedón JC. Maternal history, sensitization to allergens, and current wheezing, rhinitis, and eczema among children in Costa Rica. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002;33(4):237–43. doi:10.1002/ppul.10070. PMID:11921451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrows B, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Barbee RA, Cline MG. Association of asthma with serum IgE levels and skin-test reactivity to allergens. N Engl J Med. 1989;320(5):271–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM198902023200502. PMID:2911321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song N, Mohammed S, Zhang J, Wu J, Fu C, Hao S, et al. Prevalence, severity and risk factors of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in a large group of Chinese schoolchildren. J Asthma. 2014;51(3):232–42. doi:10.3109/02770903.2013.867973. PMID:24303994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beasley R, Clayton T, Crane J, von Mutius E, Lai CK, Montefort S, et al. Association between paracetamol use in infancy and childhood, and risk of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in children aged 6–7 years: analysis from phase three of the ISAAC programme. Lancet. 2008;372(9643):1039–48. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61445-2. PMID:18805332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koniman R, Chan YH, Tan TN, Van Bever HP. A matched patient-sibling study on the usage of paracetamol and the subsequent development of allergy and asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18(2):128–34. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00484.x. PMID:17338785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe AJ, Carlin JB, Bennett CM, Hosking CS, Allen KJ, Robertson CF, et al. Paracetamol use in early life and asthma: prospective birth cohort study. BMJ. 2010;341:c4616. doi:10.1136/bmj.c4616. PMID:20843914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebordosa C, Kogevinas M, Sørensen HT, Olsen J. Pre-natal exposure to paracetamol and risk of wheezing and asthma in children: a birth cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37(3):583–90. doi:10.1093/ije/dyn070. PMID:18400839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beasley RW, Clayton TO, Crane J, Lai CK, Montefort SR, Mutius E, et al. Acetaminophen use and risk of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in adolescents: international study of asthma and allergies in childhood phase three. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(2):171–8. doi:10.1164/rccm.201005-0757OC. PMID:20709817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bont L, Steijn M, Van Aalderen WM, Brus F, Th Draaisma JM, Van Diemen-Steenvoorde RA, et al. Seasonality of long term wheezing following respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection. Thorax. 2004;59(6):512–6. doi:10.1136/thx.2003.013391. PMID:15170037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson DJ. Early-life viral infections and the development of asthma: a target for asthma prevention? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;14(2):131–6. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000047. PMID:24569522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson DJ, Gangnon RE, Evans MD, Roberg KA, Anderson EL, Pappas TE, et al. Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(7):667–72. doi:10.1164/rccm.200802-309OC. PMID:18565953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurs N, Aljassim F, Kjellman B, Robinson PD, Sigurbergsson F, Bjarnason R, et al. Asthma and allergy patterns over 18 years after severe RSV bronchiolitis in the first year of life. Thorax. 2010;65(12):1045–52. doi:10.1136/thx.2009.121582. PMID:20581410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurs N, Bjarnason R, Sigurbergsson F, Kjellman B. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy is an important risk factor for asthma and allergy at age 7. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(5):1501–7. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9906076. PMID:10806145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurs N, Gustafsson PM, Bjarnason R, Lundberg F, Schmidt S, Sigurbergsson F, et al. Severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy and asthma and allergy at age 13. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(2):137–41. doi:10.1164/rccm.200406-730OC. PMID:15516534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong TW, Yu TS, Liu HJ, Wong AH. Household gas cooking: a risk factor for respiratory illnesses in preschool children. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89(7):631–6. doi:10.1136/adc.2003.030601. PMID:15210494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilliland FD. Outdoor air pollution, genetic susceptibility, and asthma management: opportunities for intervention to reduce the burden of asthma. Pediatrics. 2009;123(Suppl 3):S168–73. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2233G. PMID:19221160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar