141
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Eco/Toxicology

Monte Carlo simulation of health risk from cadmium, lead, and nickel in cigarettes

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 92-110 | Received 22 Sep 2022, Accepted 30 Jan 2023, Published online: 16 Feb 2023

References

  • Afridi, Hassan Imran, Farah Naz Talpur, Tasneem Gul Kazi, and Dermot Brabazon. 2015. “Effect of Trace and Toxic Elements of Different Brands of Cigarettes on the Essential Elemental Status of Irish Referent and Diabetic Mellitus Consumers.” Biological Trace Element Research 167 (2): 209–224. doi:10.1007/s12011-015-0308-5.
  • Ajab, Huma, Sadia Yasmeen, Asim Yaqub, Zainab Ajab, Muhammad Junaid, Maria Siddique, Robina Farooq, and Salman Akbar Malik. 2008. “Evaluation of Trace Metals in Tobacco of Local and Imported Cigarette Brands Used in Pakistan by Spectrophotometer through Microwave Digestion.” The Journal of Toxicological Sciences 33 (4): 415–420. doi:10.2131/jts.33.415.
  • Arain, Mohammad Balal, Tasneem Gul Kazi, Mohammad Khan Jamali, Nusrat Jalbani, Hassan Imran Afridi, Ghulam Abbas Kandhro, Rehana Ansari, and Raja Adil Sarfraz. 2008. “Hazardous Impact of Toxic Metals on Tobacco Leaves Grown in Contaminated Soil by Ultrasonic Assisted Pseudo-Digestion: Multivariate Study.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 155 (1-2): 216–224. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.049.
  • Araujo, Christina, B. Maria, and Monica F. Costa. 2019. “From Plant to Waste: The Long and Diverse Impact Chain Caused by Tobacco Smoking.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (15): 2690. doi:10.3390/ijerph16152690.
  • Arfaeinia, Hossein, Mohmmad Reza Masjedi, Ahmad Jonidi Jafari, and Ehsan Ahmadi. 2022. “Urinary Level of Heavy Metals in People Working in Smoking Cafés.” Environmental Research 207: 112110. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112110.
  • Asubiojo, O. I., F. M. Adebiyi, J. G. Ayenimo, O. O. Olukoko, and J. A. O. Oyekunle. 2009. “Chemical Analysis of Tobacco Cigarette for Organochlorine Insecticides and Heavy Metal Composition.” Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 91 (4): 611–618. doi:10.1080/02772240802343123.
  • Bache, Carl A., Donald J. Lisk, James G. Doss, Dietrich Hoffmann, and John D. Adams. 1985. “Cadmium and Nickel in Mainstream Particulates of Cigarettes Containing Tobacco Grown on a Low-Cadmium Soil-Sludge Mixture.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 16 (3–4): 547–552. doi:10.1080/15287398509530762.
  • Badeenezhad, Ahmad, Majid Radfard, Hassan Passalari, Iman Parseh, Fariba Abbasi, and Saeid Rostami. 2021. “Factors Affecting the Nitrate Concentration and Its Health Risk Assessment in Drinking Groundwater by Application of Monte Carlo Simulation and Geographic Information System.” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 27 (6): 1458–1471. doi:10.1080/10807039.2019.1655634.
  • Behera, Sailesh N., Huang Xian, and Rajasekhar Balasubramanian. 2014. “Human Health Risk Associated with Exposure to Toxic Elements in Mainstream and Sidestream Cigarette Smoke.” The Science of the Total Environment 472: 947–956. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.063.
  • Benson, Nsikak U., Winifred U. Anake, Adebusayo E. Adedapo, Omowunmi H. Fred-Ahmadu, and Olusegun O. Ayejuyo. 2017. “Toxic Metals in Cigarettes and Human Health Risk Assessment Associated with Inhalation Exposure.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 189 (12): 619. doi:10.1007/s10661-017-6348-x.
  • Boskabady, Marzie, Narges Marefati, Tahereh Farkhondeh, Farzaneh Shakeri, Alieh Farshbaf, and Mohammad Hossein Boskabady. 2018. “The Effect of Environmental Lead Exposure on Human Health and the Contribution of Inflammatory Mechanisms, a Review.” Environment International 120: 404–420. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.013.
  • Counts, M. E., M. J. Morton, S. W. Laffoon, R. H. Cox, and P. J. Lipowicz. 2005. “Smoke Composition and Predicting Relationships for International Commercial Cigarettes Smoked with Three Machine-Smoking Conditions.” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP 41 (3): 185–227. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.12.002.
  • Dahlawi, Saad, Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Al Mulla, Khaled Salama Saifullah, Osama Ahmed Labib, Mohammed Tawfiq Aljassim, Aqsa Akhtar, Waqas Asghar, Turki Kh Faraj, and Nauman Khalid. 2021. “Assessment of Different Heavy Metals in Cigarette Filler and Ash from Multiple Brands Retailed in Saudi Arabia.” Journal of King Saud University - Science 33 (6): 101521. doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101521.
  • De Sousa Viana, Gustavo Freitas, Karina S. Garcia, and Jose Antonio Menezes-Filho. 2011. “Assessment of Carcinogenic Heavy Metal Levels in Brazilian Cigarettes.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 181 (1–4): 255–265. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1827-3.
  • Dinh, Quang Phan, Randy Novirsa, Huiho Jeong, Willy Cahya Nugraha, Sylvester Addai-Arhin, Pham Hung Viet, Nobuaki Tominaga, Yasuhiro Ishibashi, and Koji Arizono. 2021. “Mercury, Cadmium, and Lead in Cigarettes from International Markets: Concentrations, Distributions and Absorption Ability of Filters.” The Journal of Toxicological Sciences 46 (9): 401–411. doi:10.2131/jts.46.401.
  • Djikanovic, B., J. Marinkovic, J. Jankovic, V. Vujanac, and S. Simic. 2011. “Gender Differences in Smoking Experience and Cessation Do Wealth and Education Matter Equally for Women and Men in Serbia?” Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England) 33 (1): 31–38. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdq080.
  • Duran, Ali, Mustafa Tuzen, and Mustafa Soylak. 2012. “Trace Metal Concentrations in Cigarette Brands Commonly Available in Turkey: Relation with Human Health.” Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 94 (10): 1893–1901. doi:10.1080/02772248.2012.737795.
  • Faroon, Obaid, Annette Ashizawa, Scott Wright, Pam Tucker, Kim Jenkins, Lisa Ingerman, and Catherine Rudisill. 2012. “Potential for Human Exposure“.” In Toxicological Profile for Cadmium, 277–332. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US).
  • Ganguly, Koustav, Bettina Levänen, Lena Palmberg, Agneta Åkesson, and Anders Lindén. 2018. “Cadmium in Tobacco Smokers: A Neglected Link to Lung Disease?” European Respiratory Review 27 (147): 1–8. doi:10.1183/16000617.0122-2017.
  • GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators. 2021. “Spatial, Temporal, and Demographic Patterns in Prevalence of Smoking Tobacco Use and Attributable Disease Burden in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990–2019: A Systematic Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.” The Lancet 397: 2337–2360. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01169-7.
  • He, Yi, Klaus von Lampe, Laura Wood, and Marin Kurti. 2015. “Investigation of Lead and Cadmium in Counterfeit Cigarettes Seized in the United States.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 81: 40–45. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2015.04.006.
  • Hossain, Md Tawhid, Ummehani Hassi, and S. M. Imamul Huq. 2018. “Assessment of Concentration and Toxicological (Cancer) Risk of Lead, Cadmium and Chromium in Tobacco Products Commonly Available in Bangladesh.” Toxicology Reports 5: 897–902. doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.019.
  • Huang, Jingling, Yuying Wu, Jiaxun Sun, Xiao Li, Xiaolei Geng, Menglu Zhao, Ting Sun, and Zhengqiu Fan. 2021. “Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal (Loid) s in Park Soils of the Largest Megacity in China by Using Monte Carlo Simulation Coupled with Positive Matrix Factorization Model.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 415: 125629. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125629.
  • IARC (International Agency for Research of Cancer) 2012. “Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds.” In Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts. A Review of Human Carcinogens. Vol 100 C of IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 121–145. Lyon: IARC. https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100C/mono100C-8.pdf.
  • ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 2012. ISO 3308, Routine Analytical Cigarette-Smoking Machine — Definitions and Standard Conditions. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/60404.html.
  • ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 2013. ISO 10362-2, Cigarettes — Determination of Water in Smoke Condensates — Part 2: Karl Fischer Method. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/60153.html.
  • ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 2019a. ISO 4387, Cigarettes — Determination of Total and Nicotine-Free Dry Particulate Matter Using a Routine Analytical Smoking Machine. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/76549.html.
  • ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 2019b. ISO 8454:2007/Amd 2, Cigarettes — Determination of Carbon Monoxide in the Vapour Phase of Cigarette Smoke — NDIR Method — Amendment 2. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/76550.html.
  • ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 2021. ISO 10315, Cigarettes — Determination of Nicotine in Total Particulate Matter from the Mainstream Smoke — Gas-Chromatographic Method. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/79002.html.
  • Janaydeh, Mohammed, Ahmad Ismail, Syaizwan Zahmir Zulkifli, and Hishamuddin Omar. 2019. “Toxic Heavy Metal (Pb and Cd) Content in Tobacco Cigarette Brands in Selangor State, Peninsular Malaysia.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191 (10): 637. doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7755-y.
  • Kazi, T. G., N. Jalbani, M. B. Arain, M. K. Jamali, H. I. Afridi, R. A. Sarfraz, and A. Q. Shah. 2009. “Toxic Metals Distribution in Different Components of Pakistani and Imported Cigarettes by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometer.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 163 (1): 302–307. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.088.
  • Li, Fei., Yunling Wang, Jingdong Zhang, Yuchen Lu, Xi Zhu, Xiyao Chen, and Jingjing Yan. 2020. “Toxic Metals in Top Selling Cigarettes Sold in China: Pulmonary Bioaccessibility Using Simulated Lung Fluids and Fuzzy Health Risk Assessment.” Journal of Cleaner Production 275: 124131. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124131.
  • Liu, Haiwei, Yan Zhang, Xue Zhou, Xiuxuan You, Yi Shi, and Jialai Xu. 2017. “Source Identification and Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Tobacco-Growing Soils in Shandong Province of China with Multivariate and Geostatistical Analysis.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 24 (6): 5964–5975. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-8229-1.
  • Lukić, Jelena, Jelena Radulović, Milica Lučić, Tatjana Đurkić, and Antonije Onjia. 2022. “Chemometric Optimization of Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Ultraviolet Filters in an Urban Recreational Lake.” Frontiers in Environmental Science 10: 1–9. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.916916.
  • Mansouri, Nafiseh, Mahmoud Etebari, Afshin Ebrahimi, Karim Ebrahimpour, Behzad Rahimi, and Akbar Hassanzadeh. 2020. “Genotoxicity and Phytotoxicity Comparison of Cigarette Butt with Cigarette Ash.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 27 (32): 40383–40391. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10080-z.
  • Marković, Jelena P., Mihajlo D. Jović, Ivana D. Smičiklas, Marija Z. Šljivić-Ivanović, Slavko N. Smiljanić, Antonije E. Onjia, and Aleksandar R. Popović. 2018. “Estimation of Cadmium Uptake by Tobacco Plants from Laboratory Leaching Tests.” Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 53 (4): 352–361. doi:10.1080/10934529.2017.1401396.
  • Moir, David, William S. Rickert, Genevieve Levasseur, Yolande Larose, Rebecca Maertens, Paul White, and Suzanne Desjardins. 2008. “A Comparison of Mainstream and Sidestream Marijuana and Tobacco Cigarette Smoke Produced under Two Machine Smoking Conditions.” Chemical Research in Toxicology 21 (2): 494–502. doi:10.1021/tx700275p.
  • Mortada, Wael I., Mohamed A. Sobh, and Mohamed M. El-Defrawy. 2004. “The Exposure to Cadmium, Lead and Mercury from Smoking and Its Impact on Renal Integrity.” Medical Science Monitor 10 (3): 112–117. PMID: 14976454.
  • Pappas, R. S., G. M. Polzin, C. H. Watson, and D. L. Ashley. 2007. “Cadmium, Lead, and Thallium in Smoke Particulate from Counterfeit Cigarettes Compared to Authentic US Brands.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2): 202–209. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.08.001.
  • Pappas, R. Steven, Mark R. Fresquez, Naudia Martone, and Clifford H. Watson. 2014. “Toxic Metal Concentrations in Mainstream Smoke from Cigarettes Available in the USA.” Journal of Analytical Toxicology 38 (4): 204–211. doi:10.1093/jat/bku013.
  • Pelit, Füsun Okçu, Ruken Esra Demirdöğen, and Emür Henden. 2013. “Investigation of Heavy Metal Content of Turkish Tobacco Leaves, Cigarette Butt, Ash, and Smoke.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185 (11): 9471–9479. doi:10.1007/s10661-013-3266-4.
  • Pinto, Edgar, Mariana Cruz, Patrícia Ramos, Agostinho Santos, and Agostinho Almeida. 2017. “Metals Transfer from Tobacco to Cigarette Smoke: Evidences in Smokers’ Lung Tissue.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 325: 31–35. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.069.
  • Pourkhabbaz, Alireza, and Hamidreza Pourkhabbaz. 2012. “Investigation of Toxic Metals in the Tobacco of Different Iranian Cigarette Brands and Related Health Issues.” Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 15 (1): 636–644. PMID: 23493960.
  • Qamar, Wajhul, Ahmed A. Abdelgalil, Suliman Aljarboa, Mohammad Alhuzani, and Mohammad A. Altamimi. 2020. “Cigarette Waste: Assessment of Hazard to the Environment and Health in Riyadh City.” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 27 (5): 1380–1383. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.002.
  • Ratick, Samuel, and Guido Schwarz. 2009. “Monte Carlo Simulation.” In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 175–184. Oxford: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-008044910-4.00476-4.
  • Regassa, Girma, and Bhagwan Singh Chandravanshi. 2016. “Levels of Heavy Metals in the Raw and Processed Ethiopian Tobacco Leaves.” SpringerPlus 5: 232. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-1770-z.
  • Rehman, Muhammad Zia Ur., Muhammad Rizwan, Muhammad Irfan Sohail, Shafaqat Ali, Aisha A. Waris, Hinnan Khalid, Asif Naeem, Hamaad Raza Ahmad, and Arslan Rauf. 2019. “Opportunities and Challenges in the Remediation of Metal-Contaminated Soils by Using Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum L.): A Critical Review.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 26 (18): 18053–18070. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05391-9.
  • Repić, Aleksandra, Petar Bulat, Biljana Antonijević, Marko Antunović, Jelena Džudović, Aleksandra Buha, and Zorica Bulat. 2020. “The Influence of Smoking Habits on Cadmium and Lead Blood Levels in the Serbian Adult People.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 27 (1): 751–760. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06840-1.
  • Rubio Armendáriz, Carmen, Tiago Garcia, Alfredo Soler, Ángel José Gutiérrez Fernández, Dailos Glez-Weller, Gara Luis González, Arturo Hardisson de la Torre, and Consuelo Revert Gironés. 2015. “Heavy Metals in Cigarettes for Sale in Spain.” Environmental Research 143 (Pt A): 162–169. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.003.
  • Salam, Md Tareq Bin., S. M. Shahriar Zaman, S. M. Tanzim Hossen, and Md Asaduzzaman Nur. 2021. “Consecutive 2-Year Data Analysis to Assess the Soil Quality and Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals in Tobacco Field: A Case Study in Northern Bangladesh.” SN Applied Sciences 3: 193. doi:10.1007/s42452-021-04152-z.
  • Sanaei, Fatemeh, Mohammad Mehdi Amin, Zhaleh Pourjam Alavijeh, Rana Azaripour Esfahani, Maryam Sadeghi, Niayesh Shabankare Bandarrig, Ali Fatehizadeh, Ensiyeh Taheri, and Mashallah Rezakazemi. 2021. “Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements Intake via Food Crops Consumption : Monte Carlo Simulation-Based Probabilistic and Heavy Metal Pollution Index.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 28 (2): 1479–1490. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10450-7.
  • Schneider, John E., Cara M. Scheibling, N. Andrew Peterson, Paula Stigler Granados, Lawrence Fulton, and Thomas E. Novotny. 2020. “Online Simulation Model to Estimate the Total Costs of Tobacco Product Waste in Large U.S. Cities.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (13): 4705. doi:10.3390/ijerph17134705.
  • Segal, Thalia R., and Linda C. Giudice. 2019. “Before the Beginning: Environmental Exposures and Reproductive and Obstetrical Outcomes.” Fertility and Sterility 112 (4): 613–621. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.08.001.
  • Soleimani, Farshid, Sina Dobaradaran, Gabriel E. De-la-Torre, Torsten C. Schmidt, and Reza Saeedi. 2022. “Content of Toxic Components of Cigarette, Cigarette Smoke vs Cigarette Butts: A Comprehensive Systematic Review.” The Science of the Total Environment 813: 152667. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152667.
  • Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia 2021. “The 2019 Serbian National Health Survey.” Belgrade. https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2021/pdfE/G20216003.pdf.
  • Stojanović, D., D. Nikić, and K. Lazarević. 2004. “The Level of Nickel in Smokers’s Blood and Urine.” Central European Journal of Public Health 12 (4): 187–189. doi:10.21101/cejph.b0137.
  • Talio, Carolina María, Marta O. Luconi, and Liliana P. Fernández. 2011. “Determination of Nickel in Cigarettes Smoke by Molecular Fluorescence.” Microchemical Journal 99 (2): 486–491. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2011.06.028.
  • Torjussen, William, Hans Zachariasen, and Ivar Andersen. 2003. “Cigarette Smoking and Nickel Exposure.” Journal of Environmental Monitoring 5 (2): 198–201. doi:10.1039/b209065c.
  • USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2016. “Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead.” Federal Register 81 (201): 71906–71943. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2016-10-18/pdf/2016-23153.pdf.
  • USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2022. Regional Screening Level Summary Table. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables.
  • Verma, S., S. Yadav, and I. Singh. 2010. “Trace Metal Concentration in Different Indian Tobacco Products and Related Health Implications.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 48 (8–9): 2291–2297. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.062.
  • Vlachou, Christina, Katharina Vejdovszky, Josef Wolf, Johann Steinwider, Klemens Fuchs, and Daniela Hofstädter. 2021. “Toxicological Approaches for the Quantitative Inhalation Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals from Tobacco Smoke: Application on the Deterministic and Probabilistic Inhalation Risk Assessment of Cadmium for Austrian Smokers.” Inhalation Toxicology 33 (4): 128–142. doi:10.1080/08958378.2021.1912859.
  • Wawryk-Gawda, Ewelina, Michał K. Zarobkiewicz, Katarzyna Chłapek, Patrycja Chylińska-Wrzos, and Barbara Jodłowska-Jędrych. 2019. “Histological Changes in the Reproductive System of Male Rats Exposed to Cigarette Smoke or Electronic Cigarette Vapor.” Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 101 (7–8): 404–419. doi:10.1080/02772248.2019.1703989.
  • WHO (World Health Organization). 2019. WHO Global Report on Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco Use 2000-2025. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Yang, G., Z. Li, H. Shi, and J. Wang. 2005. “Study on the Determination of Heavy-Metal Ions in Tobacco and Tobacco Additives by Microwave Digestion and HPLC with PAD Detection.” Journal of Analytical Chemistry 60 (5): 480–485. doi:10.1007/s10809-005-0123-9.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.