“Pressed OXY M30 Pills, Great Press, Potent, Fast Shipping!!!”: Availability of Counterfeit and Pharmaceutical Oxycodone Pills on One Major Cryptomarket

References

• Ahmad, F., J. Cisewski, L. Rossen, and P. Sutton. 2022. Provisional drug overdose death counts. Hyattsville, Maryland, USA: National Center for Health Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership. 2020. Counterfeit Fentanyl: Arizona data trends. Phoenix, AZ, USA: Interdiction, and Statewide Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, M., R. Broadhurst, and H. Trivedi. 2019. How much fentanyl is available on the darknet? Statistical Bulletin. Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology 18:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Barratt, M. J., and J. Aldridge. 2016. Everything you always wanted to know about drug cryptomarkets*(* but were afraid to ask). International Journal of Drug Policy 35:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.07.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barratt, M. J., J. Aldridge, and A. Maddox. 2018. Dark web. In The SAGE Encyclopedia of the Internet, ed. B. Warf, 185–188. Newbury Park, CA, USA: SAGE Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Broadhurst, R., M. Ball, and H. Trivedi. 2020. Fentanyl availability on darknet markets.Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Criminology.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, D., G. A. Smith, R. Daniulaityte, A. P. Sheth, D. Dave, L. Chen, G. Anand, R. Carlson, K. Z. Watkins, and R. Falck. 2013. PREDOSE: A semantic web platform for drug abuse epidemiology using social media. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 46 (6):985–97. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2013.07.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccarone, D. 2021. The rise of illicit fentanyls, stimulants and the fourth wave of the opioid overdose crisis. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 34 (4):344–50. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccarone, D., J. Ondocsin, and S. G. Mars. 2017. Heroin uncertainties: Exploring users’ perceptions of fentanyl-adulterated and-substituted ‘heroin’. International Journal of Drug Policy 46:146–55. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniulaityte, R., K. Sweeney, S. Ki, B. N. Doebbeling, and N. Mendoza. 2022. “They say it’s fentanyl, but they honestly look like Perc 30s”: Initiation and use of counterfeit fentanyl pills. Harm Reduction Journal 19 (1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DarknetOnions, C. (2021). ToRReZ market is shutting down in 72 hours. Retrieved March 4, 2022, from https://darknetone.com/torrez-market-is-shutting-down-in-72-hours/.
   Google Scholar
• DarknetOnions, C. (2022a). Dark0de market exit scam confirmed. Retrieved March 4, 2022, from https://darknetone.com/dark0de-market-exit-scam-cofirmed/.
   Google Scholar
• DarknetOnions, C. (2022b). World Market Exit Scam Confirmed. Retrieved March 4, 2022, from https://darknetone.com/world-market-exit-scam-confirmed/.
   Google Scholar
• DEA. 2020. Counterfeit controlled prescription drug availability in Pennsylvania & Delaware, DEA. DEA Intelligence Program - Philadelphia Field Division.
   Google Scholar
• DEA. (2021). DEA issues public safety alert on sharp increase in fake prescription pills containing fentanyl and meth. Retrieved April 10, 2022, from https://www.dea.gov/press-releases/2021/09/27/dea-issues-public-safety-alert.
   Google Scholar
• Dolliver, D. S., and J. B. Kuhns. 2016. The presence of new psychoactive substances in a tor network marketplace environment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 48 (5):321–29. doi:10.1080/02791072.2016.1229877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Europol. 2017. Drugs and the darknet: Perspectives for enforcement, research and policy. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. E. E. J. publications.
   Google Scholar
• Health Alert Network. 2020. Increase in fatal drug overdoses across the United States driven by synthetic opioids before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Atlanta, GA, USA: CDC.
   Google Scholar
• Hedegaard, H., A. M. Miniño, and M. Warner. 2020. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999–2018. NCHS Data Brief: National Center for Health Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Kruithof, K., J. Aldridge, D. Décary-Hétu, M. Sim, E. Dujso, and S. Hoorens. 2016. Internet-facilitated drugs trade: An analysis of the size, scope and the role of the Netherlands. R. Corporation. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Lamy, F. R., R. Daniulaityte, M. J. Barratt, U. Lokala, A. Sheth, and R. G. Carlson. 2020. Listed for sale: Analyzing data on fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and other novel synthetic opioids on one cryptomarket. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 213:108115. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamy, F. R., R. Daniulaityte, M. J. Barratt, U. Lokala, A. Sheth, and R. G. Carlson. 2021. “Etazene, safer than heroin and fentanyl”: Non-fentanyl novel synthetic opioid listings on one darknet market. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 225:108790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamy, F. R., R. Daniulaityte, R. W. Nahhas, M. J. Barratt, A. G. Smith, A. Sheth, S. S. Martins, E. W. Boyer, and R. G. Carlson. 2017. Increased in synthetic cannabinoids-related harms: Results from a longitudinal web-based content analysis. International Journal of Drug Policy 44:121–29. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAPPA. 2021. Pill press laws: A forgotten aspect of counterfeit drug-making. Washington, DC, USA: Legislative Analysis and Public Policy Association.
   Google Scholar
• Lokala U., Lamy F. R., Daniulaityte R., Gaur M., Gyrard A., Thirunarayan K., Kursuncu U. and Sheth A. (2022). Drug Abuse Ontology to Harness Web-Based Data for Substance Use Epidemiology Research: Ontology Development Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 8 (12): e24938. doi: 10.2196/24938.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lokala, U., F. R. Lamy, R. Daniulaityte, A. Sheth, R. W. Nahhas, J. I. Roden, S. Yadav, and R. G. Carlson. 2019. Global trends, local harms: Availability of fentanyl-type drugs on the dark web and accidental overdoses in Ohio. Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory 25 (1):1–12. doi:10.1007/s10588-018-09283-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mars, S. G., J. Ondocsin, and D. Ciccarone. 2018. Sold as heroin: Perceptions and use of an evolving drug in Baltimore, MD. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 50 (2):167–76. doi:10.1080/02791072.2017.1394508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattson, C. L., L. J. Tanz, K. Quinn, M. Kariisa, P. Patel, and N. L. Davis. 2021. Trends and geographic patterns in drug and synthetic opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2013–2019. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 70 (6):202. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7006a4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mully, A., S. Courter, and T. Vidale (2020). 2020 EDGE report, enhanced drug and gang enforcement strategy, AZ.
   Google Scholar
• Musen, M. A. 2015. The protégé project. AI Matters 1 (4): 4–12. doi: 10.1145/2757001.2757003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohio Substance Abuse Monitoring (OSAM) Network. 2020. Surveillance of Drug Abuse Trends in the State of Ohio, June 2019 - January 2020. Columbus, OH, USA: Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services.
   Google Scholar
• Palamar, J. J., D. Ciccarone, C. Rutherford, K. M. Keyes, T. H. Carr, and L. B. Cottler. 2022. Trends in seizures of powders and pills containing illicit fentanyl in the United States, 2018 through 2021. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 234:109398. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardo, B., J. Taylor, J. P. Caulkins, B. Kilmer, P. Reuter, and B. D. Stein. 2019. The future of fentanyl and other synthetic opioids. Santa Monica, CA, USA: RAND Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Park, J. N., S. Rouhani, L. Beletsky, L. Vincent, B. Saloner, and S. G. Sherman. 2020. Situating the continuum of overdose risk in the social determinants of health: A new conceptual framework. The Milbank Quarterly 98 (3):700–46. doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PSM. 2020. All 50 states reported deadly counterfeit pills made with fentanyl. Partnership for Safe Medicine. https://www.safemedicines.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2020-Oct-50state-42dead-1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Singleton, N., A. Cunningham, T. Groshkova, L. Royuela, and R. Sedefov. 2018. Drug supply indicators: Pitfalls and possibilities for improvements to assist comparative analysis. International Journal of Drug Policy 56:131–36. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rossum, G. 2019. Python 3.8 https://www.python.org/
   Google Scholar
• Winstock, A., M. J. Barratt, L. J. Maier, and J. Ferris (2020). Global drug survey (GDS) 2020. Key findings report.
   Google Scholar