Kratom Retail Availability in Fort Worth, Texas

References

• Ahmad, J., J. A. Odin, P. H. Hayashi, R. J. Fontana, H. Conjeevaram, B. Avula, I. A. Khan, H. Barnhart, R. Vuppalanchi, and V. J. Navarro. 2021. Liver injury associated with kratom, a popular opioid-like product: Experience from the US drug induced liver injury network and a review of the literature. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 218:108426. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alaniz, M. L., and C. Wilkes. 1998. Pro-drinking messages and message environments for young adults: The case of alcohol industry advertising in African American, Latino, and Native American communities. Journal of Public Health Policy 19 (4):447–72. doi:10.2307/3343076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babalonis, S., W. M. Raup-Konsavage, P. D. Akpunonu, A. Balla, and K. E. Vrana. 2021. Δ(8)-THC: Legal status, widespread availability, and safety concerns. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 6 (5):362–65. doi:10.1089/can.2021.0097.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyer, E. W., K. M. Babu, J. E. Adkins, C. R. McCurdy, and J. H. Halpern. 2008. Self‐treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth). Addiction 103 (6):1048–50. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02209.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, P. N., J. A. Lund, and S. J. Murch. 2017. A botanical, phytochemical and ethnomedicinal review of the genus Mitragyna korth: Implications for products sold as kratom. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 202:302–25. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown-Johnson, C. G., L. J. England, S. A. Glantz, and P. M. Ling. 2014. Tobacco industry marketing to low socioeconomic status women in the USA. Tobacco Control 23 (e2):e139–46. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe, M. A., J. L. Pillitteri, M. A. Sembower, K. K. Gerlach, and J. E. Henningfield. 2019. Kratom as a substitute for opioids: Results from an online survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 202:24–32. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covvey, J. R., S. M. Vogel, A. M. Peckham, and K. E. Evoy. 2020. Prevalence and characteristics of self-reported kratom use in a representative US general population sample. Journal of Addictive Diseases 38 (4):506–13. doi:10.1080/10550887.2020.1788914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, L., M. Rawat, S. Stojanovski, and P. Chandrasekharan. 2019. Natural drugs, not so natural effects: Neonatal abstinence syndrome secondary to ‘kratom’. Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine 12 (1):109–12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6484255/pdf/npm-12-npm1863.pdf.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donroe, J. H., and D. A. Fiellin. 2022. A case of kratom use: Implications for managing addiction and addressing comorbidity in overdose survivors, and for the education of clinicians who are not addiction specialists. Journal of Addiction Medicine 16 (2):138–40. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). 2020. Drug fact sheet: Kratom. https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Kratom-2020_0.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Eastlack, S. C., E. M. Cornett, and A. D. Kaye. 2020. Kratom—pharmacology, clinical implications, and outlook: A comprehensive review. Pain and Therapy 9 (1):55–69. doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00151-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2022a. 5 things to know about Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/5-things-know-about-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol-delta-8-thc.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2022b. FDA and kratom. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-and-kratom.
   Google Scholar
• Freisthler, B., and P. J. Gruenewald. 2014. Examining the relationship between the physical availability of medical marijuana and marijuana use across fifty California cities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 143:244–50. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Romeu, A., D. J. Cox, K. E. Smith, K. E. Dunn, and R. R. Griffiths. 2020. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): User demographics, use patterns, and implications for the opioid epidemic. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 208:107849. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graves, J. M., J. A. Dilley, L. Terpak, A. Brooks‐russell, J. M. Whitehill, T. A. Klein, and E. Liebelt. 2021. Kratom exposures among older adults reported to US poison centers, 2014–2019. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 69 (8):2176–84. doi:10.1111/jgs.17326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, O. H., III, J. A. Daniels, and E. A. Gardner. 2016. Do you get what you paid for? An examination of products advertised as kratom. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 48 (5):330–35. doi:10.1080/02791072.2016.1229876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundmann, O. 2017. Patterns of kratom use and health impact in the US—results from an online survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 176:63–70. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundmann, O., C. A. Veltri, D. Morcos, D. Knightes III, K. E. Smith, D. Singh, O. Corazza, E. Cinosi, G. Martinotti, and Z. Walsh. 2022. Exploring the self-reported motivations of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use: A cross-sectional investigation. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 48 (4):1–12. doi:10.1080/00952990.2022.2041026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen, L., N. C. Schleicher, K. Ababseh, T. O. Johnson, and S. P. Fortmann. 2018. Marijuana as a ‘concept’flavour for cigar products: Availability and price near California schools. Tobacco Control 27 (5):585–88. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897220/pdf/nihms924488.pdf.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, N., and P. M. Ling. 2011. Reinforcement of smoking and drinking: Tobacco marketing strategies linked with alcohol in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 101 (10):1942–54. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3215402/pdf/1942.pdf.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kind, A. J., S. Jencks, J. Brock, M. Yu, C. Bartels, W. Ehlenbach, C. Greenberg, and M. Smith. 2014. Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and 30-day rehospitalization: A retrospective cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine 161 (11):765–74. doi:10.7326/M13-2946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kind, A. J. H., and W. R. Buckingham. 2018. Making neighborhood-disadvantage metrics accessible — the neighborhood atlas. New England Journal of Medicine 378 (26):2456–58. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1802313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, D. J., and J. S. Kruger. 2021. Consumer experiences with Delta-8-THC: Medical use, pharmaceutical substitution, and comparisons with Delta-9-THC. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 8 (1):166–73. doi:10.1089/can.2021.0124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kruger, J. S., and D. J. Kruger. 2022. Delta-8-THC: Delta-9-THC’s nicer younger sibling? Journal of Cannabis Research 4 (1):4. doi:10.1186/s42238-021-00115-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leas, E. C. 2021. The hemp loophole: A need to clarify the legality of Delta-8-THC and other hemp-derived tetrahydrocannabinol compounds. American Journal of Public Health 111 (11):1927–31. doi:10.2105/ajph.2021.306499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livne, O., A. Budney, J. Borodovsky, C. Walsh, D. Shmulewitz, D. S. Fink, C. A. Struble, M. Habib, E. Aharonovich, and D. S. Hasin. 2022. Delta-8 THC use in US adults: Sociodemographic characteristics and correlates. Addictive Behaviors 133:107374. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lydecker, A. G., A. Sharma, C. R. McCurdy, B. A. Avery, K. M. Babu, and E. W. Boyer. 2016. Suspected adulteration of commercial kratom products with 7-hydroxymitragynine. Journal of Medical Toxicology 12 (4):341–49. doi:10.1007/s13181-016-0588-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, D. J., J. D. Williams, and W. J. Qualls. 1996. Target marketing of tobacco and alcohol-related products to ethnic minority groups in the United States. Ethnicity & Disease 6 (1–2):83–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moran, M. B., K. Heley, J. P. Pierce, R. Niaura, D. Strong, and D. Abrams. 2019. Ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in recalled exposure to and self-reported impact of tobacco marketing and promotions. Health Communication 34 (3):280–89. https://escholarship.org/content/qt2rn2x0hw/qt2rn2x0hw.pdf?t=ral37q.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). 2019. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological summary and definitions. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29395/2019NSDUHMethodsSummDefs/2019NSDUHMethodsSummDefs082120.htm#3-4-11.
   Google Scholar
• National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). 2021. Results from the 2020 national survey on drug use and health: Detailed tables. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2020-nsduh-detailed-tables.
   Google Scholar
• Palamar, J. J. 2021. Past-year kratom use in the US: Estimates from a nationally representative sample. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 61 (2):240–45. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.02.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post, S., H. A. Spiller, T. Chounthirath, and G. A. Smith. 2019. Kratom exposures reported to United States poison control centers: 2011–2017. Clinical Toxicology 57 (10):847–54. doi:10.1080/15563650.2019.1569236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prozialeck, W., A. Fowler, and J. Edwards. 2022. Public health implications and possible sources of lead (Pb) as a contaminant of poorly regulated kratom products in the United States. Toxics 10 (7):398. doi:10.3390/toxics10070398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prozialeck, W. C., J. K. Jivan, and S. V. Andurkar. 2012. Pharmacology of kratom: An emerging botanical agent with stimulant, analgesic and opioid-like effects. Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 112 (12):792–99.
   Google Scholar
• Ramanathan, S., and C. R. McCurdy. 2020. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): Worldwide issues. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 33 (4):312–18. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossheim, M. E., C. R. LoParco, A. Walker, M. D. Livingston, P. Trangenstein, S. Olsson, K. McDonald, R. A. Yockey, J. Luningham, A. Kong, et al. 2022. Delta-8 THC retail availability, price, and minimum purchase age. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2022.0079.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saref, A., S. Suraya, D. Singh, O. Grundmann, S. Narayanan, M. T. Swogger, W. C. Prozialeck, E. Boyer, N. J. Y. Chear, and V. Balasingam. 2019. Self-reported prevalence and severity of opioid and kratom (Mitragyna speciosa korth.) side effects. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 238:111876. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.111876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmel, J., E. Amioka, K. Rockhill, C. M. Haynes, J. C. Black, R. C. Dart, and J. L. Iwanicki. 2021. Prevalence and description of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use in the United States: A cross‐sectional study. Addiction 116 (1):176–81. doi:10.1111/add.15082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, D., S. Narayanan, and B. Vicknasingam. 2016. Traditional and non-traditional uses of Mitragynine (Kratom): A survey of the literature. Brain Research Bulletin 126:41–46. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, G. K. 2003. Area deprivation and widening inequalities in US mortality, 1969–1998. American Journal of Public Health 93 (7):1137–43. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.7.1137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, K. E., K. E. Dunn, J. M. Rogers, O. Grundmann, C. R. McCurdy, A. Garcia-Romeu, D. Schriefer, M. T. Swogger, and D. H. Epstein. 2022. Kratom use as more than a “self-treatment”. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 48 (6):1–11. doi:10.1080/00952990.2022.2083967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, K. E., and T. Lawson. 2017. Prevalence and motivations for kratom use in a sample of substance users enrolled in a residential treatment program. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 180:340–48. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprout Health Group. n.d. Is kratom legal? Kratom legality by state. https://www.sprouthealthgroup.com/substances/is-kratom-legal-by-state/.
   Google Scholar
• Stanciu, C., S. Ahmed, B. Hybki, T. Penders, and D. Galbis-Reig. 2021. Pharmacotherapy for management of’kratom use disorder’: A systematic literature review with survey of experts. WMJ 120 (1):54–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• StataCorp. 2017. Stata statistical software: release 15. StataCorp LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Stockwell, T., and P. J. Gruenewald. 2004. Controls on the physical availability of alcohol. The Essential Handbook of Treatment and Prevention of Alcohol Problems. 213–33.
   Google Scholar
• Summit Behavioral Health. n.d. Snorting or smoking kratom: Can you do it safely? https://summithelps.com/kratom/snorting-and-smoking/.
   Google Scholar
• Texas Congress. 2021. Texas kratom consumer act: HB 1097. https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/87R/billtext/pdf/HB01097I.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• United States (U.S.) Congress. 2019. H.R.2 – agriculture improvement act of 2018: The farm bill. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2.
   Google Scholar
• United States Census Bureau. 2020. QuickFacts. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/.
   Google Scholar
• University of Wisconsin School of Medicine Public Health. 2015. 2015 area deprivation index v2.0. https://www.neighborhoodatlas.medicine.wisc.edu/.
   Google Scholar
• Veltri, C., and O. Grundmann. 2019. Current perspectives on the impact of kratom use. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation 10:23. doi:10.2147/SAR.S164261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, H., M. Kuo, H. Lee, and G. W. Dowdall. 2000. Environmental correlates of underage alcohol use and related problems of college students. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 19 (1):24–29. https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(00)00163-X/fulltext
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, R. S., and D. Nikitin. 2020. The internet market for kratom, an opioid alternative and variably legal recreational drug. International Journal of Drug Policy 78:102715. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar