The diagnostic challenges presented by patients with medically unexplained symptoms in general practice

References

• Barsky AJ, Borus JF. Somatization and medicalization in the era of managed care. JAMA 1995; 274: 1931–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margo KL, Margo GM. The problem of somatization in family practice. Am Fam Physician 1994; 49: 1873–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffrey L, Susman MD. Mental health problems within primary care: Shooting first and then asking questions?. J Fam Pract. 1995; 41: 540–1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woivalin T, Krantz G, Mantyranta T, Ringsberg KC. Medically unexplained symptoms: Perceptions of physicians in primary health care. Fam Pract 2004; 21: 199–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid S, Whooley D, Crayford T, Hotopf M. Medically unexplained symptoms. GPs’ attitudes towards their cause and management. Fam Pract 2001; 18: 519–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson JL, Kroenke K. Difficult patient encounters in the ambulatory clinic: Clinical predictors and outcomes. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 1069–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn SR. Physical symptoms and physician-experienced difficulty in the physician–patient relationship. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 897–904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerwick S, Jones R, Mann A, Goldberg D. Mental health care training priorities in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 1997; 47: 225–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon P, Dowrick F, Ring A, Humphris GM. Voiced but unheard agendas: Qualitative analysis of the psychosocial cues that patients with unexplained symptoms present to general practitioners. Br J Gen Pract 2004; 54: 171–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayou R, Farmer A. ABC of psychological medicine: Functional somatic symptoms and syndromes. BMJ 2002; 325: 265–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kisely S, Goldberg D, Simon G. A comparison between somatic symptoms with and without clear organic cause: Results of an international study. Psychol Med 1997; 27: 1011–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gureje O, Simon GE, Ustun TB, Goldberg DP. Somatization in cross-cultural perspective: A World Health Organization study in primary care. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 989–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirmayer L, Robbins JM. Patients who somatize in primary care: A longitudinal study of cognitive and social characteristics. Psychol Med 1996; 26: 937–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiarzaguena JM, Grandes G, Gaminde I, Salazar A, Sánchez A, Ariño J. A randomised controlled trial of a psychosocial intervention carried out by GPs for patients with medically unexplained symptoms. Psychol Med 2007; 37: 283–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Escobar JL, Waitzkin H, Silver RC, Gara M, Holman A. Abridged somatization: A study in primary care. Psychosom Med 1998; 60: 466–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins LN, Wing J, Wittchen HU, Helzer JE, Babor TF, Burke J, et al. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: An epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 1069–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Williams J, Kroenke K, Linzer M, deGruy FV 3rd, Hahn SR, et al. Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care: The PRIME-MD 1000 study. J Am Med Assoc 1994; 272: 1749–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starfield B, Weiner J, Mumford L, Steinwachs D. Ambulatory care groups: A categorization of diagnoses for research and management. Health Serv Res 1991; 26: 53–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware JE, Snow, KK, Kosinski M. SF-36 health survey: Manual and interpretation guide. Lincoln, RI: QualityMetric Inc., 1993, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Anitua C, Quintana JM. Valores poblacionales del índice de salud SF-36 en el País Vasco: importancia y aplicación en la práctica clínica [SF-36 General population norms in the Basque Country: uses in clinical practice]. Osasunkaria 1999; 17: 10–17
   Google Scholar
• Wensing M, Vingerhoets E, Grol R. Functional status, health problems, age and comorbidity in primary care patients. Qual Life Res 2001; 10: 141–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinas J, Ibañez F, Rodriguez JC, Martin-Carrillo P. Guía de ayuda al diagnóstico en Atención Primaria [Diagnostic Guidelines in Primary Care]. Barcelona: semfyc ediciones; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Klinkman MS, Stevens D, Gorenflo DW. Episodes of care for chest pain: A preliminary report from MIRNET. J Fam Pract 1994; 38: 345–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina-Bombardó D, Seguí-Díaz M, Roca-Fusalba C, Llobera J. What is the predictive value of urinary symptoms for diagnosing urinary tract infection in women?. Fam Pract 2003; 20: 103–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muris JW, Starmans R, Fijten GH, Crebolder HF, Schouten HJ, Knottnerus A. Non-acute abdominal complaints in general practice: Diagnostic value of signs and symptoms. Br J Gen Pract 1995; 45: 313–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summerton N. Making a diagnosis in primary care: Symptoms and context. Br J Gen Pract 2004; 54: 570–1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Summerton N. Symptoms of possible oncological significance: Separating the wheat from the chaff. BMJ 2002; 325: 1254–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosendal M, Olessen F, Fink P. Management of medically unexplained symptoms. BMJ 2005; 330: 4–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler D, Hamilton W. Normalisation: Horrible word, useful idea. Br J Gen Pract 2004; 54: 163–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Escobar JI, Golding JM, Hough RL, Karno M, Burnam MA, Wells KB. Somatization in the community: Relationship to disability and use of services. Am J Public Health 1987; 77: 837–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Mangelsdorff AD. Common symptoms in ambulatory care: Incidence, evaluation, therapy, and outcome. Am J Med 1989; 86: 783–5
   Google Scholar