Prostate Cancer Imaging

References

• American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures 2007. Publication no. 500808. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 2007
   Google Scholar
• Amis E. S Jr., Bigongiari L. R., Bluth E. I., Bush W. H Jr., Choyke P. L., Fritzsche P., et al. Pretreatment staging of clinically localized prostate cancer. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria. Radiology 2000; 215:Suppl: 703–8
   Google Scholar
• Carroll P., Coley C., McLeod D., Schellhammer P., Sweat G., Wasson J., et al. Prostate-specific antigen best practice policy – part II: prostate cancer staging and post-treatment follow-up. Urology 2001; 57: 225–9
   Google Scholar
• AJCC cancer staging manual, F. L Green, D. L Page, I. D Fleming, A Fritz, C. M Balch, D. G Haller. Springer-Verlag, New York 2002
   Google Scholar
• Terris M. K., Stamey T. A. Determination of prostate volume by transrectal ultrasound. J Urol 1991; 145: 984–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taoka T., Mayr N. A., Lee H. J., Yuh W. T., Simonson T. M., Rezai K., et al. Factors influencing visualization of vertebral metastases on MR imaging versus bone scintigraphy. Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176: 1525–30
   Google Scholar
• Traill Z. C., Talbot D., Golding S., Gleeson F. V. Magnetic resonance imaging versus radionuclide scintigraphy in screening for bone metastases. Clin Radiol 1999; 54: 448–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps M. Positron emission tomography provides molecular imaging of biological processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97: 9226–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber G. Enzymology of cancer cells (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 541–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delbeke D. Oncological applications of FDG PET imaging: brain tumors, colorectal cancer, lymphoma and melanoma. J Nucl Med 1999; 40: 591–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effert P. J., Bares R., Handt S., Wolff J. M., Bull U., Jakse G. Metabolic imaging of untreated prostate cancer by positron emission tomography with 18fluorine-labeled deoxyglucose. J Urol 1996; 155: 994–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofer C., Laubenbacher C., Block T., Breul J., Hartung R., Schwaiger M. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography is useless for the detection of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 1999; 36: 31–5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu I. J., Zafar M. B., Lai Y. H., Segall G. M., Terris M. K. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography studies in diagnosis and staging of clinically organ-confined prostate cancer. Urology 2001; 57: 108–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turlakow A., Larson S. M., Coakley F., Akhurst T., Gonen M., Macapinlac H. A., et al. Local detection of prostate cancer by positron emission tomography with 2-fluorodeoxyglucose: comparison of filtered back projection and iterative reconstruction with segmented attenuation correction. Q J Nucl Med 2001; 45: 235–44
   Google Scholar
• Reske S. N., Grillenberger K. G., Glatting G., Port M., Hildebrandt M., Gansauge F., et al. Overexpression of glucose transporter 1 and increased FDG uptake in pancreatic carcinoma. J Nucl Med 1997; 38: 1344–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid D. T., John H., Zweifel R., Cservenyak T., Westera G., Goerres G. W., et al. Fluorocholine PET/CT in patients with prostate cancer: initial experience. Radiology 2005; 235: 623–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Even-Sapir E., Metser U., Mishani E., Lievshitz G., Lerman H., Leibovitch I. The detection of bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: 99mTc-MDP planar bone scintigraphy, single- and multi-field-of-view SPECT, 18F-fluoride PET, and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2006; 47: 287–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Futterer J. J., Heijmink S. W., Scheenen T. W., Veltman J., Huisman H. J., Vos P., et al. Prostate cancer localization with dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 2006; 241: 449–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambrock T., Padhani A., Tofts P., Huisman H., Barentsz J. O. Dynamic contrast enhanced MR imaging in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. RSNA Categorical Course in Radiology: Genitourinary Radiology 2006; 61–71
   Google Scholar
• Mullerad M., Hricak H., Wang L., Chen H. N., Kattan M. W., Scardino P. T. Prostate cancer: detection of extracapsular extension by genitourinary and general body radiologists at MR imaging. Radiology 2004; 232: 140–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L., Mullerad M., Chen H. N., Eberhardt S. C., Kattan M. W., Scardino P. T., et al. Prostate cancer: incremental value of endorectal MR imaging findings for prediction of extracapsular extension. Radiology 2004; 232: 133–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L., Hricak H., Kattan M. W., Schwartz L. H., Eberhardt S. C., Chen H. N., et al. Combined endorectal and phased-array MRI in the prediction of pelvic lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186: 743–8
   Google Scholar
• Wang L., Hricak H., Kattan M. W., Chen H., Scardino P. T. Prediction of prostate cancer organ-confined disease: the incremental value of endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging to partin staging nomograms (2001version). Radiology 2006; 238: 597–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harisinghani M. G., Barentsz J., Hahn P. F., Deserno W. M., Tabatabaei S., van de Kaa C. H., et al. Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2491–9. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2003;349:1010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heesakkers R. A., Futterer J. J., Hovels A. M., van den Bosch H. C., Scheenen T. W., Hoogeveen Y. L., et al. Prostate cancer evaluated with ferumoxtran-10-enhanced T2*-weighted MR imaging at 1.5 and 3.0 T: early experience. Radiology 2006; 239: 481–7
   Google Scholar
• Qayyum A., Coakley F. V., Lu Y., Olpin J. D., Wu L., Yeh B. M., et al. Organ-confined prostate cancer: effect of prior transrectal biopsy on endorectal MRI and MR spectroscopic imaging. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 1079–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown T. R., Kincaid B. M., Ugurbil K. NMR chemical shift imaging in three dimensions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79: 3523–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Males R. G., Vigneron D. B., Star-Lack J., Falbo S. C., Nelson S. J., Hricak H., et al. Clinical application of BASING and spectral/spatial water and lipid suppression pulses for prostate cancer staging and localization by in vivo 3D 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med 2000; 43: 17–22
   Google Scholar
• Schricker A. A., Pauly J. M., Kurhanewicz J., Swanson M. G., Vigneron D. B. Dualband spectral-spatial RF pulses for prostate MR spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med 2001; 46: 1079–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen A. P., Cunningham C. H., Kurhanewicz J., Xu D., Hurd R. E., Pauly J. M., et al. High-resolution 3D MR spectroscopic imaging of the prostate at 3 T with the MLEV-PRESS sequence. Magn Reson Imaging 2006; 24: 825–32
   Google Scholar
• Hricak H. MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging in the pre-treatment evaluation of prostate cancer. Br J Radiol 2005; 78: S103–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurhanewicz J., Vigneron D. B., Hricak H., Narayan P., Carroll P., Nelson S. J. Three-dimensional H-1 MR spectroscopic imaging of the in situ human prostate with high (0.24–0.7-cm3) spatial resolution. Radiology 1996; 198: 795–805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson M. G., Vigneron D. B., Tran T. K., Sailasuta N., Hurd R. E., Kurhanewicz J. Single-voxel oversampled J-resolved spectroscopy of in vivo human prostate tissue. Magn Reson Med 2001; 45: 973–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jung J. A., Coakley F. V., Vigneron D. B., Swanson M. G., Qayyum A., Weinberg V., et al. Prostate depiction at endorectal MR spectroscopic imaging: investigation of a standardized evaluation system. Radiology 2004; 233: 701–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakian K. L., Eberhardt S., Hricak H., Shukla-Dave A., Kleinman S., Muruganandham M., et al. Transition zone prostate cancer: metabolic characteristics at 1H MR spectroscopic imaging—initial results. Radiology 2003; 229: 241–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Punglia R. S., D'Amico A. V., Catalona W. J., Roehl K. A., Kuntz K. M. Effect of verification bias on screening for prostate cancer by measurement of prostate-specific antigen. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 335–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beyersdorff D., Taupitz M., Winkelmann B., Fischer T., Lenk S., Loening S. A., et al. Patients with a history of elevated prostate-specific antigen levels and negative transrectal US-guided quadrant or sextant biopsy results: value of MR imaging. Radiology 2002; 224: 701–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara N., Okuizumi M., Koike H., Kawaguchi M., Bilim V. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is a useful modality for the precise detection and staging of early prostate cancer. Prostate 2005; 62: 140–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terris M. K. Prostate biopsy strategies: past, present, and future. Urol Clin North Am 2002; 29: 205–12
   Google Scholar
• Scheidler J., Hricak H., Vigneron D. B., Yu K. K., Sokolov D. L., Huang L. R., et al. Prostate cancer: localization with three-dimensional proton MR spectroscopic imaging – clinicopathologic study. Radiology 1999; 213: 473–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg D. M., Sauvageot J., Piantadosi S., Epstein J. I. Correlation of prostate needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy Gleason grade in academic and community settings. Am J Surg Pathol 1997; 21: 566–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakian K. L., Sircar K., Hricak H., Chen H. N., Shukla-Dave A., Eberhardt S., et al. Correlation of proton MR spectroscopic imaging with gleason score based on step-section pathologic analysis after radical prostatectomy. Radiology 2005; 234: 804–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claus F. G., Hricak H., Hattery R. R. Pretreatment evaluation of prostate cancer: role of MR imaging and 1H MR spectroscopy. Radiographics 2004; 24: S167–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outwater E. K., Petersen R. O., Siegelman E. S., Gomella L. G., Chernesky C. E., Mitchell D. G. Prostate carcinoma: assessment of diagnostic criteria for capsular penetration on endorectal coil MR images. Radiology 1994; 193: 333–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sala E., Akin O., Moskowitz C. S., Eisenberg H. F., Kuroiwa K., Ishill N. M., et al. Endorectal MR imaging in the evaluation of seminal vesicle invasion: diagnostic accuracy and multivariate feature analysis. Radiology 2006; 238: 929–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu K. K., Hricak H., Alagappan R., Chernoff D. M., Bacchetti P., Zaloudek C. J. Detection of extracapsular extension of prostate carcinoma with endorectal and phased-array coil MR imaging: multivariate feature analysis. Radiology 1997; 202: 697–702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelbrecht M. R., Jager G. J., Laheij R. J., Verbeek A. L., van Lier H. J., Barentsz J. O. Local staging of prostate cancer using magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2002; 12: 2294–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu K. K., Scheidler J., Hricak H., Vigneron D. B., Zaloudek C. J., Males R. G., et al. Prostate cancer: prediction of extracapsular extension with endorectal MR imaging and three-dimensional proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 1999; 213: 481–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagiannos I., Karakiewicz P., Eastham J. A., Ohori M., Rabbani F., Gerigk C., et al. A preoperative nomogram identifying decreased risk of positive pelvic lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer. J Urol 2003; 170: 1798–803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hricak H., Schoder H., Pucar D., Lis E., Eberhardt S. C., Onyebuchi C. N., et al. Advances in imaging in the postoperative patient with a rising prostate-specific antigen level. Semin Oncol 2003; 30: 616–34
   Google Scholar
• Gervasi L. A., Mata J., Easley J. D., Wilbanks J. H., Seale-Hawkins C., Carlton C. E Jr., et al. Prognostic significance of lymph nodal metastases in prostate cancer. J Urol 1989; 142: 332–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellin M. F., Roy C., Kinkel K., Thoumas D., Zaim S., Vanel D., et al. Lymph node metastases: safety and effectiveness of MR imaging with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles—initial clinical experience. Radiology 1998; 207: 799–808
   Google Scholar
• Daldrup-Link H. E., Franzius C., Link T. M., Laukamp D., Sciuk J., Jurgens H., et al. Whole-body MR imaging for detection of bone metastases in children and young adults: comparison with skeletal scintigraphy and FDG PET. Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177: 229–36
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt G. P., Schoenberg S. O., Schmid R., Stahl R., Tiling R., Becker C. R., et al. Screening for bone metastases: whole-body MRI using a 32-channel system versus dual-modality PET-CT. Eur Radiol 2007; 17: 939–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L., Zhang J., Schwartz L. H., Eisenberg H., Ishill N. M., Moskowitz C. S., et al. Prediction of seminal vesicle invasion in prostate cancer: incremental value of adding endorectal MR imaging to the Kattan nomogram. Radiology 2007; 242: 182–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla-Dave A., Hricak H., Kattan M. W., Pucar D., Kuroiwa K., Chen H. N., et al. The utility of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for predicting insignificant prostate cancer: an initial analysis. BJU Int 2007; 99: 786–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begg C. B., Riedel E. R., Bach P. B., Kattan M. W., Schrag D., Warren J. L., et al. Variations in morbidity after radical prostatectomy. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1138–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastham J. A., Scardino P. T. Radical prostatectomy for clinical stage T1 and T2 prostate cancer. Comprehensive textbook of genitourinary oncology, N. J Vogelzang, P. T Scardino, W. U Shipley, D. S Coffey, B. J Miles. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA 2000; 722–38, 2nd ed
   Google Scholar
• Hu J. C., Gold K. F., Pashos C. L., Mehta S. S., Litwin M. S. Role of surgeon volume in radical prostatectomy outcomes. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 401–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hricak H., Wang L., Wei D. C., Coakley F. V., Akin O., Reuter V. E., et al. The role of preoperative endorectal magnetic resonance imaging in the decision regarding whether to preserve or resect neurovascular bundles during radical retropubic prostatectomy. Cancer 2004; 100: 2655–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coakley F. V., Eberhardt S., Wei D. C., Wasserman E. S., Heinze S. B., Scardino P. T., et al. Blood loss during radical retropubic prostatectomy: relationship to morphologic features on preoperative endorectal magnetic resonance imaging. Urology 2002; 59: 884–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coakley F. V., Eberhardt S., Kattan M. W., Wei D. C., Scardino P. T., Hricak H. Urinary continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy: relationship with membranous urethral length on preoperative endorectal magnetic resonance imaging. J Urol 2002; 168: 1032–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Lin E. N., Futterer J. J., Heijmink S. W., van der Vight L. P., Hoffmann A. L., van Kollenburg P., et al. IMRT boost dose planning on dominant intraprostatic lesions: gold marker-based three-dimensional fusion of CT with dynamic contrast-enhanced and 1H-spectroscopic MRI. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 65: 291–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kattan M. W., Wheeler T. M., Scardino P. T. Postoperative nomogram for disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 1499–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson A. J., Scardino P. T., Eastham J. A., Bianco F. J Jr., Dotan Z. A., Fearn P. A., et al. Preoperative nomogram predicting the 10-year probability of prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 715–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jhaveri F., Klein E. A. How to explore the patient with a rising PSA after radical prostatectomy: defining local versus systemic failure. Semin Urol Oncol 1999; 17: 130–4
   Google Scholar
• Sella T., Schwartz L. H., Swindle P. W., Onyebuchi C. N., Scardino P. T., Scher H. I. Suspected local recurrence after radical prostatectomy: endorectal coil MR imaging. Radiology 2004; 231: 379–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman J. M., Krebs T. L. MR imaging evaluation with a transrectal surface coil of local recurrence of prostatic cancer in men who have undergone radical prostatectomy. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168: 379–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pucar D., Shukla-Dave A., Hricak H., Moskowitz C. S., Kuroiwa K., Olgac S., et al. Prostate cancer: correlation of MR imaging and MR spectroscopy with pathologic findings after radiation therapy-initial experience. Radiology 2005; 236: 545–53
   Google Scholar
• Sala E., Eberhardt S. C., Akin O., Moskowitz C. S., Onyebuchi C. N., Kuroiwa K., et al. Endorectal MR imaging before salvage prostatectomy: tumor localization and staging. Radiology 2006; 238: 176–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung H. W., Schoder H., Smith A., Gonen M., Larson S. M. Clinical value of combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging in the interpretation of 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose-positron emission tomography studies in cancer patients. Mol Imaging Biol 2005; 7: 229–35
   Google Scholar
• Futterer J. J., Scheenen T. W., Huisman H. J., Klomp D. W., van Dorsten F. A., Hulsbergen-van de Kaa C. A., et al. Initial experience of 3 Tesla endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging and 1H-spectroscopic imaging of the prostate. Invest Radiol 2004; 39: 671–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs P., Pickles M. D., Turnbull L. W. Diffusion imaging of the prostate at 3.0 Tesla. Invest Radiol 2006; 41: 185–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Futterer J. J., Heijmink S. W., Scheenen T. W., Jager G. J., Hulsbergen-Van de Kaa C. A., Witjes J. A., et al. Prostate cancer: local staging at 3-T endorectal MR imaging—early experience. Radiology 2006; 238: 184–91
   Google Scholar
• de la Taille A., Buttyan R., Benson M. C., Katz A. E. The role of tumor biomarkers as predictors of serum PSA recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Semin Urol Oncol 1998; 16: 137–44
   Google Scholar
• Epstein J. I. What's new in prostate cancer disease assessment in 2006?. Curr Opin Urol 2006; 16: 146–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiang Z., Woda B. A., Wu C. L., Yang X. J. Discovery and clinical application of a novel prostate cancer marker: alpha-methylacyl CoA racemase (P504S). Am J Clin Pathol 2004; 122: 275–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio J., Ramos D., Lopez-Guerrero J. A., Iborra I., Collado A., Solsona E., et al. Immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 antigen, cox-2 and Bax/Bcl-2 in prostate cancer; prognostic value in biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens. Eur Urol 2005; 48: 745–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bander N. H., Nanus D. M., Milowsky M. I., Kostakoglu L., Vallabahajosula S., Goldsmith S. J. Targeted systemic therapy of prostate cancer with a monoclonal antibody to prostate-specific membrane antigen. Semin Oncol 2003; 30: 667–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar