REFERENCES
- NIH Consensus Development Conference: adjuvant therapy for patients with colon and rectal cancer. JAMA 1990; 264: 1444–50.
- Krook JE, Moertel CG, Gundersen LL, et al. Effective surgical adjuvant therapy for high-risk rectal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 709–15.
- Tepper JE, O'Connell MJ, Petroni GR, et al. Adjuvant postoperative flurouracil modulated chemotherapy combined with pelvic radiation therapy for rectal cancer: initial results of intergroup 0114. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 368–81.
- Stockholm Rectal Cancer Study Group. Preoperative short term radiotherapy in operable rectal carcinoma: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Cancer 1990; 66: 49–55.
- Brierley J, Cummings B, Wong CS, McLean M, Cashell A, Manter S. The variation of small bowel volume within the pelvis before and during adjuvant radiation for rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol 1994; 31: 110–6.
- Brookmeyer R, Crowley J. A confidence interval for the median survival time. Biometrics 1982; 38: 29–41.
- Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Prolongation of the disease-free interval in surgically treated rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1465–72.
- Medical Research Council Rectal Working Party. Randomized trial of surgery alone versus surgery followed by radio-therapy for mobile cancer of the rectum. Lancet 1996; 348: 1610–4.
- Fisher B, Wolmark N, Rochette H, et al. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy for rectal cancer: results from NSABP R-01. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988; 80: 21–9.
- Swedish Rectal Trial: Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1997; 339: 980–7.
- Marijnen CAM, Kapiteijen E, van de Velde CJH, et al. Acute side effects and complications after short-term preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal exicion in pri-mary rectal cancer: report of a multicenter randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 817–25.
- MacFarlane JK, Rya11 RDH, Heald RJ. Mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet 1993; 341: 457–60.
- Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2001; 34: 638–46.
- Frykholm G, Glimelius B, Pahlman L. Pre- or post-operative irradiation in adenocarcinoma of the rectum: final treatment results of a randomized trial and an evaluation of late secondary effects. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36: 564–72.
- Colorectal Cancer Collaborative Group. Adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: a systematic overview of 8507 patients from 22 randomised trials. Lancet 2001; 358: 1291–304.
- Sauer R, German Rectal Cancer Group. Adjuvant versus neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. First results of the German Rectal Cancer Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 57 Supplement: S124–5.