2,465
Views
37
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Pain

Treatment for chronic low back pain: the focus should change to multimodal management that reflects the underlying pain mechanisms

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 1199-1210 | Received 19 Feb 2016, Accepted 09 Feb 2017, Published online: 22 Mar 2017

References

  • British Pain Society. Available at: https://www.britishpainsociety.org/media-resources/ [Last accessed 17 April 2015]
  • Simpson K. Opioids for persistent non-cancer pain: recommendations for clinical practice. Br J Anaesth 2004;92:326-8
  • Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, et al. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur J Pain 2006;10:287-333
  • Institute of Medicine Report from the Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education: Relieving Pain in America, A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education and Research. Washington DC, USA: The National Academies Press, 2011
  • National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014. Atlanta, USA. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf [Last accessed 16 April 2015]
  • Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;123:e18-209
  • American Cancer Society. Cancer Treatment and Survivorship Facts & Figures 2014–2015. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 2014
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence and most common causes of disability among adults – United States, 2005. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009;58:421-6
  • Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, et al. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:251-8
  • Jiménez-Sánchez S, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Carrasco-Garrido P, et al. Prevalence of chronic head, neck and low back pain and associated factors in women residing in the Autonomous Region of Madrid (Spain). Gac Sanit 1012;26:534-40
  • Meucci RD, Fassa AG, Paniz VMV, et al. Increase of chronic low back pain prevalence in a medium-sized city of southern Brazil. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2013;14:155
  • Balagué F, Mannion AF, Pellisé F, Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet 2012;379:482-91
  • Langley PC, Liedgens H. Time since diagnosis, treatment pathways and current pain status: a retrospective assessment in a back pain population. J Med Econ 2013;16:701-9
  • Fishbain DA, Cutler RB, Cole B, et al. Are patients with chronic low back pain or chronic neck pain fatigued? Pain Med 2004;5:187-95
  • Green BH, Copeland JR, Dewey ME, et al. Risk factors for depression in elderly people: a prospective study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;86:213-17
  • Morlion B. Chronic low back pain: pharmacological, interventional and surgical strategies. Nat Rev Neurol 2013;9:462-73
  • Goffaux P, Michaud K, Gaudreau P, et al. Sex differences in perceived pain are affected by an anxious brain. Pain 2011;152:2065-73
  • Paulson PE, Minoshima S, Morrow TJ, Casey KL. Gender differences in pain perception and patterns of cerebral activation during noxious heat stimulation in humans. Pain 1998;76:223-9
  • Katz J, Seltzer Z. Transition from acute to chronic postsurgical pain: risk factors and protective factors. Expert Rev Neurother 2009;9:723-44
  • Wang CK, Hah JM, Carroll I. Factors contributing to pain chronicity. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2009;13:7-11
  • Gerbershagen HJ. Transition from acute to chronic postsurgical pain. Physiology, risk factors and prevention. Schmerz 2013;27:81-93
  • Woolf CJ. Evidence for a central component of post-injury pain hypersensitivity. Nature 1983;306:686-8
  • Latremoliere A, Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity. J Pain 2009;10:895-926
  • Pergolizzi JV, Raffa RB, Taylor R. Treating acute pain in light of the chronification of pain. Pain Management Nursing 2014;15:380-90
  • Meeus M, Nijs J. Central sensitization: a biopsychosocial explanation for chronic widespread pain in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2007;26:465-73
  • Staud R, Craggs JG, Robinson ME, et al. Brain activity related to temporal summation of c-fiber evoked pain. Pain 2007;129:130-42
  • Melzack R. From the gate to the neuromatrix. Pain 1999;(Suppl 6):S121-6
  • Moseley GL. A pain neuromatrix approach to patients with chronic pain. Man Ther 2003;8:130-40
  • Seifert F, Maihöfner C. Central mechanisms of experimental and chronic neuropathic pain: Findings from functional imaging studies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009;66:375-90
  • Jaggi AS, Singh N. Role of different brain areas in peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. Brain Res 2011:1381;187-201
  • Zusman M. Forebrain-mediated sensitization of central pain pathways: ‘non-specific’ pain and a new image for MT. Manual Ther 2002;7:80-8
  • Brosschot JF. Cognitive-emotional sensitization and somatic health complaints. Scand J Psychol 2002;43:113-21
  • Hashmi JA, Baliki MN, Huang L, et al. Shape shifting pain: chronification of back pain shifts brain representation from nociceptive to emotional circuits. Brain 2013;136:2751-68
  • Freynhagen R, Baron R. The evaluation of neuropathic components in low back pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2009;13:185-90
  • Bennett M. The LANSS Pain Scale: the Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs. Pain 2001;92:147-57
  • Freynhagen R, Baron R, Gockel U, Tolle TR. painDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain. Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:1911-20
  • Jensen TS, Baron R, Haanpää M, et al. A new definition of neuropathic pain. Pain 2011;152:2204-5
  • Morlion B. Pharmacotherapy of low back pain: targeting nociceptive and neuropathic pain components. Curr Med Res Opin 2011;27:11-33
  • Mehra M, Hill K, Nicholl D, Schadrack J. The burden of chronic low back pain with and without a neuropathic component: a healthcare resource use and cost analysis. J Med Econ 2012;15:245-52
  • Schmidt CO, Schweikert B, Wenig CM, et al. Modelling the prevalence and cost of back pain with neuropathic components in the general population. Eur J Pain 2009;13:1030-5
  • Neuhauser H, Ellert U, Ziese T. Chronic back pain in the general population in Germany 2002/2003: prevalence and highly affected population groups. Gesundheitswesen 2005;67:685-93
  • Fishbain DA, Cole B, Lewis JE, Gao J. What is the evidence that neuropathic pain is present in chronic low back pain and soft tissue syndromes? An evidence-based structured review. Pain Med 2014;15:4-15
  • van Tulder MW, Assendelft WJ, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Spinal radiographic findings and nonspecific low back pain. A systematic review of observational studies. Spine 1997;22:427-34
  • Dagenais S, Tricco AC, Haldeman S. Synthesis of recommendations for the assessment and management of low back pain from recent clinical practice guidelines. Spine J 2010;10:514-29
  • Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, et al.; Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians and the American College of Physicians/American Pain Society Low Back Pain Guidelines Panel. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:478-91
  • Samanta J, Kendall J, Samanta A. Chronic low back pain. BMJ 2003;326:535
  • Gandhi TK, Keating NL, Ditmore M, et al. Improving referral communication using a referral tool within an electronic medical record. In: Henriksen K, Battles JB, Keyes MA, et al, eds. Advances in Patient Safety: New Directions and Alternative Approaches (Vol. 3: Performance and Tools). Rockville (MD), USA: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US), 2008
  • Pincus T, Burton AK, Vogel S, Field AP. A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine 2002;27:109-20
  • Fayad F, Lefevre-Colau MM, Poiraudeau S, et al. Chronicity, recurrence, and return to work in low back pain: common prognostic factors. Ann Readapt Med Phys 2004;47:179-89
  • Nicholas MK, Linton SJ, Watson PJ, Main CJ; “Decade of the Flags” Working Group. Early identification and management of psychological risk factors (“yellow flags”) in patients with low back pain: a reappraisal. Phys Ther 2011;91:737-53
  • Kendrick D, Fielding K, Bentley E, et al. Radiography of the lumbar spine in primary care patients with low back pain: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2001;322:400-5
  • Gilbert FJ, Grant AM, Gillan MGC, et al.; for the Scottish Back Trial Group. Low back pain: influence of early MR imaging or CT on treatment and outcome – multicenter randomized trial. Radiology 2004;231:343-51
  • Herndon CM, Zoberi KS, Gardner BJ. Common questions about chronic low back pain. Am Fam Physician 2015;91:708-14
  • Jarvik JG, Deyo RA. Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:586-97
  • Yavuz F, Guzelkucuk U. Diagnosis and pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain among patients with chronic low back pain. World J Rheumatol 2014;4:54-61
  • Scholz J, Mannion RJ, Hord DE, et al. A novel tool for the assessment of pain: validation in low back pain. PLoS Med 2009;6:1000047
  • Hush JM, Stanton TR, Siddall P, et al. Untangling nociceptive, neuropathic and neuroplastic mechanisms underlying the biological domain of back pain. Pain Manage 2013;3:1-14
  • Attal N, Perrot S, Fermanian J, Bouhassira D. The neuropathic components of chronic low back pain: a prospective multicenter study using the DN4 Questionnaire. J Pain 2011;12:1080-7
  • Varrassi G, Müller-Schwefe G, Pergolizzi J, et al. Pharmacological treatment of chronic pain – the need for CHANGE. Curr Med Res Opin 2010;26:1231-45
  • van Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, et al.; on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group on Guidelines for the Management of Acute Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Chapter 3 European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J 2006;15(Suppl 2):S169-91
  • Itz CJ, Geurts JW, van Kleef M, Nelemans P. Clinical course of non-specific low back pain: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies set in primary care. Eur J Pain 2013;17:5-15
  • Briggs EV, Battelli D, Gordon D, et al. Current pain education within undergraduate medical studies across Europe: Advancing the Provision of Pain Education And Learning (APPEAL) study. BMJ Open 2015;5:e006984
  • Davis D, Galbraith R; American College of Chest Physicians Health and Science Policy Committee. Continuing medical education effect on practice performance: effectiveness of continuing medical education: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Educational Guidelines. Chest 2009;135(3 Suppl):42S-48S
  • Leong L, Ninnis J, Slatkin N, et al. Evaluating the impact of pain management (PM) education on physician practice patterns – a continuing medical education (CME) outcomes study. J Cancer Educ 2010;25:224-8
  • Bakshi SG, Jain P, Kannan S. An assessment of basic pain knowledge and impact of pain education on Indian Anaesthesiologists – a pre and post questionnaire study. Indian J Anaesth 2014;58:127-31
  • Lang E, Kastner S, Liebig K, Neundörfer B. Interventions for improvement of primary care in patients with low back pain: how effective are advice to primary care physicians on therapies and a multimodal therapy program arising out of cooperation of outpatient health care structures? Schmerz 2002;16:22-33
  • Luk KD, Wan TW, Wong YW, et al. A multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme for patients with chronic low back pain: a prospective study. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2010;18:131-8
  • Forde G. Adjuvant analgesics for the treatment of neuropathic pain: evaluating efficacy and safety profiles. J Fam Pract 2007;56:3-12
  • Pergolizzi J, Wills LM. Multimodal analgesic therapy. In: Shorten G, Carr DB, Harmon D, eds. Postoperative Pain, an Evidence-Based Guide to Practitioners. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2006:182-96
  • Savigny P, Kuntze S, Watson P, et al. Low back pain: early management of persistent non-specific low back pain. London: National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care and Royal College of General Practitioners, 2009
  • Williams CM, Maher CG, Latimer J, et al. Efficacy of paracetamol for acute low-back pain: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2014;384:1586-96
  • Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, et al. Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials. BMJ 2015;350:h1225
  • Hickey RF. Chronic low back pain: a comparison of diflunisal with paracetamol. NZ Med J 1982;95:312-14
  • Staiger TO, Gaster B, Sullivan MD, Deyo RA. Systematic review of antidepressants in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Spine 2003;28:2540-5
  • Schukro RP, Oehmke MJ, Geroldinger A, et al. Efficacy of duloxetine in chronic low back pain with a neuropathic component: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross over trial. Anesthesiology 2016;124:150-8
  • Collet B. Chronic opioid therapy for non-cancer pain. Br J Anaesth 2001;87:133-43
  • Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, et al. The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways To Prevention workshop. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:276-86
  • Reinecke H, Weber C, Lange K, et al. Analgesic efficacy of opioids in chronic pain: recent meta-analyses. Brit J Pharmacol 2015;172:324-33
  • Lange B, Kuperwasser B, Okamoto A, et al. Efficacy and safety of tapentadol prolonged release for chronic osteoarthritis pain and low back pain. Adv Ther 2010;27:381-9
  • Taylor A, Pergolizzi JV, Raffa RB. Tapentadol extended release for chronic pain patients. Adv Ther 2013;30:14-27
  • Afilalo M, Morlion B. Efficacy of tapentadol ER for managing moderate to severe chronic pain. Pain Physician 2013;16:27-40
  • Santos J, Alarcão J, Fareleira F, et al. Tapentadol for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;5:CD009923
  • Vadivelu N, Kai A, Maslin B, et al. Tapentadol extended release in the management of peripheral diabetic neuropathic pain. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015;11:95-105
  • Baron R, Kern U, Müller M, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of a moderate dose of tapentadol prolonged release for managing severe, chronic low back pain with a neuropathic component: an open-label continuation arm of a randomized phase 3b study. Pain Pract 2015;15:471-86
  • Buynak R, Rappaport SA, Rod K, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of tapentadol extended release following up to 2 years of treatment in patients with moderate to severe, chronic pain: results of an open-label extension trial. Clin Ther 2015;37:2420-38
  • Collins A, Simpson K, Justins D, et al. Recommendations for the appropriate use of opioids for persistent non-cancer pain. A consensus statement prepared on behalf of the Pain Society, the Royal College of Anaesthetists, the Royal College of General Practitioners and the Royal College of Psychiatrists. London: The Pain Society, 2004
  • Eriksen J, Sjøgren P, Bruera E, et al. Critical issues on opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: an epidemiological study. Pain 2006;125:172-9
  • Foster L, Clapp L, Erickson M, Jabbari B. Botulinum toxin A and chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind study. Neurology 2001;56:1290-3
  • Jazayeri SM, Ashraf A, Fini HM, et al. Efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for treating chronic low back pain. Anesth Pain Med 2011;1:77-80
  • McCleane G. Does gabapentin have an analgesic effect on background, movement and referred pain? A randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study. The Pain Clinic 2001;13:103-7
  • Yildirim K, Deniz O, Gureser G, et al. Gabapentin monotherapy in patients with chronic radiculopathy: the efficacy and impact on life quality. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2009;22:17-20
  • Khoromi S, Patsalides A, Parada S, et al. Topiramate in chronic lumbar radicular pain. J Pain 2005;6:829-36
  • Uberall MA, Müller-Schwefe GH, Terhaaq B. Efficacy and safety of flupirtine modified release for the management of moderate to severe chronic low back pain: results of SUPREME, a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled parallel-group phase IV study. Curr Med Res Opin 2012;28:1617-34
  • Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: systematic review, meta-analysis and updated NeuPSIG recommendations. Lancet Neurol 2015;14:162-73
  • Burton AK, Waddell G, Tillotson KM, Summerton N. Information and advice to patients with back pain can have a positive effect. A randomized controlled trial of a novel educational booklet in primary care. Spine 1999;24:2484-91
  • Heymans MW, Van Tulder MW, Esmail R, et al. Back schools for non-specific low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;4:CD000261
  • Glomsrød B, Lønn JH, Soukup MG, et al. “Active back school”, prophylactic management for low back pain: three-year follow-up of a randomized, controlled trial. J Rehabil Med 2001;33:26-30
  • Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Tomlinson G. Systematic review: strategies for using exercise therapy to improve outcomes in chronic low back pain. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:776-85
  • Moon HJ, Choi KH, Kim DH, et al. Effect of lumbar stabilization and dynamic lumbar strengthening exercises in patients with chronic low back pain. Ann Rehabil Med 2013;37:110-17
  • Mannion AF, Müntener M, Taimela S, Dvorak J. Comparison of three active therapies for chronic low back pain: results of a randomized clinical trial with one-year follow-up. Rheumatology 2001;40:772-8
  • Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi C, et al.; on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group on Guidelines for Chronic Low Back Pain. Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J 2006;15(Suppl 2):S192-300
  • UK Back Pain Exercise And Manipulation (UKBEAM) Trial Team. United Kingdom Back Pain Exercise And Manipulation (UK BEAM) randomised trial: cost effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care. BMJ 2004;329:1381-5
  • Cherkin DC, Deyo RA, Battié M, et al. A comparison of physical therapy, chiropractic manipulation, and provision of an educational booklet for the treatment of patients with low back pain. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1021-9
  • Goldby LJ, Moore AP, Doust Jo, Trew ME. A randomized controlled trial investigating the efficiency of musculoskeletal physiotherapy on chronic low back disorder. Spine 2006;31:1083-93
  • Triano JJ, McGregor M, Hondras MA, Brennan PC. Manipulative therapy versus education programs in chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20:948-55
  • Furlan AD, Brosseau L, Imamura M, Irvin E. Massage for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;4:CD000261
  • Waddell G. The Back Pain Revolution, 2nd edn. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2004
  • Henschke N, Ostelo RWJG, van Tulder MW, et al. Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;7:CD002014
  • Linton SJ, Nordin E. A 5-year follow-up evaluation of the health and economic consequences of an early cognitive behavioral intervention for back pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:853-8
  • Manchikanti L, Pamparti V, Falco FJE, Hirsch JA. Growth of spinal interventional pain management techniques: analysis of utilization trends and Medicare expenditures 2000 to 2008. Spine 2013;2:157-68
  • Chou R, Loeser JD, Owens DK, et al. Interventional therapies, surgery, and interdisciplinary rehabilitation for low back pain. An evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the American Pain Society. Spine 2009;34:1066-77
  • Itz CJ, Willems PC, Zeilstra DJ, Huygen FJ. Dutch multidisciplinary guideline for invasive treatment of pain syndromes of the lumbosacral spine. Pain Pract 2015: published online 1 June 2015, doi: 10.1111/papr.12318
  • Tefner IK, Németh A, Lászlófi A, et al. The effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled, single-blind, follow-up study. Rheumatol Int 2012;32:3163-9
  • Leslie JB, Pergolizzi JV, Macario A, et al. Prospective evaluation of the efficacy of spinal decompression via the DRX9000 for chronic low back pain. J Med 2008;1:1-7
  • Nyström B. Spinal fusion in the treatment of chronic low back pain: rationale for improvement. Open Orthop J 2012;6:478-81
  • Phillips FM, Slosar PJ, Youssef JA, et al. Lumbar spine fusion for chronic low back pain due to degenerative disc disease. Spine 2013;38:E409-22
  • Weinstein JN, Lurie JD, Olson PR, et al. United States’ trends and regional variations in lumbar spine surgery: 1992–2003. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:2707-14
  • Hussain A, Erdek M. Interventional pain management for failed back surgery syndrome. Pain Pract 2014;14:64-78

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.