Cachexia in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with inflammatory activity, physical disability, and low bioavailable insulin‐like growth factor

References

• Feldmann M., Brennan F. M., Maini R. N. Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annu Rev Immunol 1996; 14: 397–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsmith J., Roubenoff R. Cachexia in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Cardiol 2002; 85: 89–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavropoulos‐Kalinoglou A., Metsios G. S., Koutedakis Y., Nevill A. M., Douglas K. M., Jamurtas A., et al. Redefining overweight and obesity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66: 1316–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roubenoff R., Kehayias J. J. The meaning and measurement of lean body mass. Nutr Rev 1991; 49: 163–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rall L. C., Roubenoff R. Rheumatoid cachexia: metabolic abnormalities, mechanisms and interventions. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43: 1219–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley J. E., Thomas D. R., Wilson M. M. Cachexia: pathophysiology and clinical relevance. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 735–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roubenoff R., Heymsfield S. B., Kehayias J. J., Cannon J. G., Rosenberg I. H. Standardization of nomenclature of body composition in weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 192–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley J. E., Baumgartner R. N., Roubenoff R., Mayer J., Nair K. S. Sarcopenia. J Lab Clin Med 2001; 137: 231–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessein P. H., Joffe B. I., Stanwix A., Botha A. S., Moomal Z. The acute phase response does not fully predict the presence of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in inflammatory arthritis. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 462–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roubenoff R., Roubenoff R. A., Cannon J. G., Kehayias J. J., Zhuang H., Dawson‐Hughes B., et al. Rheumatoid cachexia: cytokine‐driven hypermetabolism accompanying reduced body cell mass in chronic inflammation. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 2379–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fryburg D. A. Insulin‐like growth factor I exerts growth hormone‐ and insulin‐like actions on human muscle protein metabolism. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: E331–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rall L. C., Walsmith J. M., Snydman L., Reichlin S., Veldhuis J. D., Kehayias J. J., et al. Cachexia in rheumatoid arthritis is not explained by decreased growth hormone secretion. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 2574–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemmey A., Maddison P., Breslin A., Cassar P., Hasso N., McCann R., et al. Association between insulin‐like growth factor status and physical activity levels in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2001; 28: 29–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Denko C. W., Malemud C. J. The serum growth hormone to somatostatin ratio is skewed upward in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Front Biosci 2004; 9: 1660–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett F. C., Edworthy S. M., Bloch D. A., McShane D. J., Fries J. F., Cooper N. S., et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 315–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevoo M. L., van ‘t Hof M. A., Kuper H. H., van Leeuwen M. A., van de Putte L. B., van Riel P. L. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty‐eight‐joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38: 44–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekdahl C., Eberhardt K., Andersson S. I., Svensson B. Assessing disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Use of a Swedish version of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. Scand J Rheumatol 1988; 17: 263–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guigoz Y., Vellas B., Garry P. J. Assessing the nutritional status of the elderly: the Mini Nutritional Assessment as part of the geriatric evaluation. Nutr Rev 1996; 54: S59–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vellas B., Guigoz Y., Garry P. J., Nourhashemi F., Bennahum D., Lauque S., et al. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and its use in grading the nutritional state of elderly patients. Nutrition 1999; 15: 116–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson C., Sjoden P. O., Glimelius B. The Swedish version of the patient‐generated subjective global assessment of nutritional status: gastrointestinal vs urological cancers. Clin Nutr 1999; 18: 71–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detsky A. S., McLaughlin J. R., Baker J. P., Johnston N., Whittaker S., Mendelson R. A., et al. What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status?. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1987; 11: 8–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abernathy R. P., Black D. R. Healthy body weights: an alternative perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63: 448S–451S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutz Y., Kyle U. U., Pichard C. Fat‐free mass index and fat mass index percentiles in Caucasians aged 18–98 y. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 953–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle U. G., Piccoli A., Pichard C. Body composition measurements: interpretation finally made easy for clinical use. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2003; 6: 387–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham I., Atar D., Borch‐Johnsen K., Boysen G., Burell G., Cifkova R., et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: full text. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14((Suppl 2))S1–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang P., Eriksson U., Sara V., Wivall I. L., Hall K. Comparison of acid ethanol extraction and acid gel filtration prior to IGF‐I and IGF‐II radioimmunoassays: improvement of determinations in acid ethanol extracts by the use of truncated IGF‐I as radioligand. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1991; 124: 620–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hilding A., Brismar K., Degerblad M., Thoren M., Hall K. Altered relation between circulating levels of insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein‐1 and insulin in growth hormone‐deficient patients and insulin‐dependent diabetic patients compared to that in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 2646–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Povoa G., Roovete A., Hall K. Cross‐reaction of serum somatomedin‐binding protein in a radioimmunoassay developed for somatomedin‐binding protein isolated from human amniotic fluid. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1984; 107: 563–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Unden A. L., Elofsson S., Brismar K. Gender differences in the relation of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 to cardiovascular risk factors: a population‐based study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63: 94–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindgren B. F., Odar‐Cederlof I., Ericsson F., Brismar K. Decreased bioavailability of insulin‐like growth factor‐I: a cause of catabolism in hemodialysis patients?. Growth Regul 1996; 6: 137–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ponzer S., Tidermark J., Brismar K., Soderqvist A., Cederholm T. Nutritional status, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 and quality of life in elderly women with hip fractures. Clin Nutr 1999; 18: 241–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews D. R., Hosker J. P., Rudenski A. S., Naylor B. A., Treacher D. F., Turner R. C. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta‐cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 412–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajamand N., Ungerstedt U., Brismar K. Subcutaneous microdialysis before and after an oral glucose tolerance test: a method to determine insulin resistance in the subcutaneous adipose tissue in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005; 7: 525–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fan J., Char D., Bagby G. J., Gelato M. C., Lang C. H. Regulation of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and IGF‐binding proteins by tumor necrosis factor. Am J Physiol 1995; 269: R1204–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood L. E., Thissen J. P., Lemozy S., Ketelslegers J. M., Clemmons D. R. Hormonal and nutritional regulation of IGF‐I and its binding proteins. Horm Res 1994; 42: 145–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frystyk J., Hojlund K., Rasmussen K. N., Jorgensen S. P., Wildner‐Christensen M., Orskov H. Development and clinical evaluation of a novel immunoassay for the binary complex of IGF‐I and IGF‐binding protein‐1 in human serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 260–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brismar K. The IGF and IGFBP system in insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. M. S Houston, J. M. P Holly, E. L Feldman. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ 2004
   Google Scholar
• Frost R. A., Lang C. H. Growth factors in critical illness: regulation and therapeutic aspects. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1998; 1: 195–204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janssen J. A., Stolk R. P., Pols H. A., Grobbee D. E., Lamberts S. W. Serum total IGF‐I, free IGF‐I, and IGFB‐1 levels in an elderly population: relation to cardiovascular risk factors and disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 277–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemne C., Brismar K. Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 as a marker of the metabolic syndrome – a study in borderline hypertension. Blood Press 1998; 7: 89–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolk K., Larsson S. C., Vessby B., Wolk A., Brismar K. Metabolic, anthropometric, and nutritional factors as predictors of circulating insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 levels in middle‐aged and elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 1879–84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan S. L., Anderson A. M., Hood S. M., Matthews P. A., Lee J. Y., Alarcon G. S. Nutrient intake patterns, body mass index, and vitamin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res 1997; 10: 9–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conover C. A., Lee P. D., Kanaley J. A., Clarkson J. T., Jensen M. D. Insulin regulation of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 in obese and nonobese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 1355–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekonen F., Laatikainen T., Buyalos R., Rutanen E. M. Decreased 34K insulin‐like growth factor binding protein in polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil Steril 1989; 51: 972–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paolisso G., Valentini G., Giugliano D., Marrazzo G., Tirri R., Gallo M., et al. Evidence for peripheral impaired glucose handling in patients with connective tissue diseases. Metabolism 1991; 40: 902–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenvinge A., Krogh‐Madsen R., Baslund B., Pedersen B. K. Insulin resistance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: effect of anti‐TNFalpha therapy. Scand J Rheumatol 2007; 36: 91–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygren J., Sammann M., Malm M., Efendic S., Hall K., Brismar K., et al. Distributed anabolic hormonal patterns in burned patients: the relation to glucagon. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995; 43: 491–500
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mesotten D., Delhanty P. J., Vanderhoydonc F., Hardman K. V., Weekers F., Baxter R. C., et al. Regulation of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 during protracted critical illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 5516–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suikkari A. M., Koivisto V. A., Rutanen E. M., Yki‐Jarvinen H., Karonen S. L., Seppala M. Insulin regulates the serum levels of low molecular weight insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 66: 266–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thissen J. P., Ketelslegers J. M., Underwood L. E. Nutritional regulation of the insulin‐like growth factors. Endocr Rev 1994; 15: 80–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oster M. H., Fielder P. J., Levin N., Cronin M. J. Adaptation of the growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factor‐I axis to chronic and severe calorie or protein malnutrition. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 2258–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith W. J., Underwood L. E., Clemmons D. R. Effects of caloric or protein restriction on insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and IGF‐binding proteins in children and adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 443–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen N. E., Appleby P. N., Davey G. K., Kaaks R., Rinaldi S., Key T. J. The associations of diet with serum insulin‐like growth factor I and its main binding proteins in 292 women meat‐eaters, vegetarians, and vegans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 1441–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson M., Hytter‐Landahl A., Brismar K., Cederholm T. Nutritional supplementation and dietary advice in geriatric patients at risk of malnutrition. Clin Nutr 2007; 26: 216–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcora S. M., Lemmey A. B., Maddison P. J. Can progressive resistance training reverse cachexia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Results of a pilot study. J Rheumatol 2005; 32: 1031–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rall L. C., Meydani S. N., Kehayias J. J., Dawson‐Hughes B., Roubenoff R. The effect of progressive resistance training in rheumatoid arthritis. Increased strength without changes in energy balance or body composition. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 415–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcora S., Lemmey A., Maddison P. Dietary treatment of rheumatoid cachexia with beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate, glutamine and arginine: a randomised controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2005; 24: 442–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcora S. M., Chester K. R., Mittal G., Lemmey A. B., Maddison P. J. Randomized phase 2 trial of anti‐tumor necrosis factor therapy for cachexia in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 1463–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metsios G. S., Stavropoulos‐Kalinoglou A., Douglas K. M., Koutedakis Y., Nevill A. M., Panoulas V. F., et al. Blockade of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha in rheumatoid arthritis: effects on components of rheumatoid cachexia. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007; 46: 1824–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briot K., Garnero P., Le Henanff A., Dougados M., Roux C. Body weight, body composition, and bone turnover changes in patients with spondyloarthropathy receiving anti‐tumour necrosis factor {alpha} treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64: 1137–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatay S., Yildirim K., Melikoglu M. A., Akcay F., Senel K. Effects of dynamic exercise on circulating IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol 2007; 26: 1635–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips L. S., Harp J. B., Goldstein S., Klein J., Pao C. I. Regulation and action of insulin‐like growth factors at the cellular level. Proc Nutr Soc 1990; 49: 451–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar