Which thermometer? Factors influencing best choice for intermittent clinical temperature assessment

References

• Wunderlich C. On the Temperature in Diseases: A Manual of Medical Thermometry. New Sydenham Society, London 1871, Translated from the 2nd German edition by W.B. Woodman
   Google Scholar
• Sund-Levander M., Forsberg C., Wahren L. K. Normal oral, rectal, tympanic and axillary body temperature in adult men and women: a systematic literature review. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science 2002; 16: 122–128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley C. J., Hewson P., Thornton A., Cole T. Axillary and rectal temperature measurements in infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1992; 67: 122–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain J. M., Terndrup T. E., Alexander D. T., Silverstone F. A., Wolf-Klein G., O'Donnell R., Grandner J. Determination of normal ear temperature with an infrared emission detection thermometer. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1995; 25: 15–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy S., Powell K., Gerson L. W. Temporal artery measurements in healthy infants, children and adolescents. Clinical Pediatrics 2003; 42: 433–437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford D., Greene N., Wentworth S. Thermometer Review: UK Market Survey. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. 2005, Evaluation 04144, Available online at: http://www.pasa.nhs.uk/evaluation/publications/gmer/thermometers/asp (accessed 7 July 2006)
   Google Scholar
• BS EN 12470-1. Clinical thermometers—Part 1: Metallic liquid-in-glass thermometers with maximum device. 2000, BSi
   Google Scholar
• BS 691. Subnormal range, ovulation and dual scale clinical maximum thermometers (mercury-in-glass, solid stem). 1987, BSi
   Google Scholar
• BS 6985. Dual-scale and ovulation clinical maximum thermometers (mercury-in-glass, enclosed scale). 1989, BSi
   Google Scholar
• Smith L. S. Reexamining age, race, site, and thermometer type as variables affecting temperature measurement in adults—A comparison study. BMC Nursing 2003; 2: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Health and Safety Executive L5. The controls of substances hazardous to health regulations 2002 Approved codes of practice and guidance, 4th edn. HES Books. 2002, www.hsebooks.com
   Google Scholar
• Medical Devices Agency. Blood pressure measurement devices—mercury and non-mercury. 2000, Device Bulletin MDA DB 2000(03)
   Google Scholar
• BS EN 12470-2. Clinical thermometers—Part 2: Phase change type (dot matrix) thermometers. 2001, BSi
   Google Scholar
• ASTM E825. Standard specification for phase change-type disposable fever thermometer for intermittent determination of patient temperature. Annual book of ASTM Standards. West ConshohockenPA, USA 1998
   Google Scholar
• ASTM E1299. Standard specification for reusable phase change-type fever thermometer for intermittent determination of patient temperature. Annual book of ASTM Standards. West ConshohockenPA, USA 1996
   Google Scholar
• BS EN 12470-4. Clinical thermometers—Part 4: Performance of electrical thermometers for continuous measurement. 2001, BSi
   Google Scholar
• BS EN 12470-3. Clinical thermometers—Part 3: Performance of compact electrical thermometers (non-predictive and predictive) with maximum device. 2000, BSi
   Google Scholar
• ASTM E1112. Standard specification for electronic thermometer for intermittent determination of patient temperature. Annual book of ASTM Standards. ASTM, West ConshohockenPA, USA 2000
   Google Scholar
• ASTM E1965. Standard specification for infrared thermometers for intermittent determination of patient temperature. Annual book of ASTM Standards. ASTM, West ConshohockenPA, USA 1998
   Google Scholar
• BS EN 12470-5. Clinical thermometers—Part 5: Performance of infra-red ear thermometers (with maximum device). 2003, BSi
   Google Scholar
• MHRA. Medical Device Alert Infra-red thermometers—Home Use. 2003, MDA/2003/010. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Available online at: www.mhra.gov.uk (accessed 7 July2006)
   Google Scholar
• Ring E. F.J. Historical development of thermometry and thermal imaging in medicine. Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 2006; 30: 192–198
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kistemaker J. A., den Hartog E. A., Daanen H. A.M. Reliability of an infrared forehead skin thermometer for core temperature measurements. Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 2006; 30: 252–261
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans J., Kenkre J. Current practice and knowledge of nurses regarding patient temperature measurement. Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 2006; 30: 218–223
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craig J. V., Lancaster G. A., Taylor S., Williamson P. R., Smyth R. L. Infrared ear thermometry compared with rectal thermometry in children, a systematic review. The Lancet 2002; 360: 603–609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duce S. J. A systematic review of the literature to determine optimal methods of temperature measurements in neonates, infants and children. DARE Review 1996; 4: 1–124
   Google Scholar
• Lanham D. M., Walker B., Klocke E., Jennings M. Accuracy of tympanic temperature readings in children under 6 years of age. Pediatric Nursing 1999; 25: 39–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hay A. D., Peters T. J., Wilson A. The use of infrared thermometry for the detection of fever. British Journal of General Practice 2004; 54: 488–490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson R. S., Meyer L. T. Accuracy of infrared ear thermometry and other temperature methods in adults. American Journal of Critical Care 1994; 3: 40–54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craig J. V., Lancaster G. A., Williamson P. R., Smyth R. L. Temperature measured at the axilla compared with rectum in children and young people: systematic review. British Medical Journal 2000; 320: 1174–1178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocoglu H., Goksu S., Isik M., Akturk Z., Bayazit Y. A. Infrared tympanic thermometer can accurately measure the body temperature in children in an emergency room setting. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2002; 65: 39–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shann F., Mackenzie A. Comparison of rectal, axillary, and forehead temperatures. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1996; 150: 74–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OJ. Official Journal of the European Union (OJ) Council Directive 93/42/EEC of 14 June concerning medical devices. 1993; 1–46, Available online at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/medical_devices/index_en.htm (accessed 7 July 2006)
   Google Scholar
• ASTM E667. Specification for Clinical Thermometers (Maximum Self-Registering, Mercury in Glass). Annual book of ASTM Standards. West ConshohockenPA, USA 1998
   Google Scholar
• European Economic Community. Council Directive 93/42/EEC of 14 June 1993 concerning medical devices. Official Journal of the European Communities. 1993; 36(L169): 1–43
   Google Scholar
• Thompson M. J. Accurate measurement of temperature is vital. The Clinical Services Journal 2005; 4(5)
   Google Scholar