Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Excess Iron in Thalassemia, Sickle Cell Disease and Other Iron Overload Diseases

REFERENCES

• Gordeuk VR, Bacon BR, Brittenham GM. Iron overload: causes and consequences. Annu Rev Nutr 1987; 7: 485–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren GD, Muir WA, Kellermeyer RW. Iron overload disorders: natural history, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1983; 19(3)205–266
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hershko C, Link G, Cabantchik I. Pathophysiology of iron overload. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998; 850: 191–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen P, Gunther U, Durken M, Fischer R, Dullmann J. Serum ferritin iron in iron overload and liver damage: correlation to body iron stores and diagnostic relevance. J Lab Clin Med 2000; 135(5)413–418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgna-Pignatti C, Castriota-Scanderbeg A. Methods for evaluating iron stores and efficacy of chelation in transfusional hemosiderosis. Haematologica 1991; 76(5)409–413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chapman RW, Hussain MA, Gorman A, Laulicht M, Politis D, Flynn DM, Sherlock S, Hoffbrand AV. Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on serum ferritin concentration in patients with β-thalassemia major and iron overload. J Clin Pathol 1982; 35(5)487–491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson LJ, Holden S, Davis B, Prescott E, Charrier CC, Bunce NH, Firmin DN, Wonke B, Porter J, Walker JM, Pennell DJ. Cardiovascular T2-star (T2*) magnetic resonance for the early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. Eur Heart J 2001; 22(23)2171–2179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood JC, Tyszka JM, Ghugre N, Carson S, Nelson MD, Coates TD. Myocardial iron loading in transfusion-dependent thalassemia and sickle-cell disease. Blood 2004; 103(5)1934–1936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brittenham GM, Griffith PM, Nienhuis AW, McLaren CE, Young NS, Tucker EE, Allen CJ, Farrell DE, Harris JW. Efficacy of deferoxamine in preventing complications of iron overload in patients with thalassemia major. N Engl J Med 1994; 331(9)567–573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelucci E, Brittenham GM, McLaren CE, Ripalti M, Baronciani D, Giardini C, Galimberti M, Polchi P, Lucarelli G. Hepatic iron concentration and total body iron stores in thalassemia major. N Engl J Med 2000; 343(5)327–331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telfer PT, Prestcott E, Holden S, Walker M, Hoffbrand AV, Wonke B. Hepatic iron concentration combined with long-term monitoring of serum ferritin to predict complications of iron overload in thalassaemia major. Br J Haematol 2000; 110(4)971–977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson LJ, Westwood MA, Prescott E, Walker JM, Pennell DJ, Wonke B. Development of thalassaemic iron overload cardiomyopathy despite low liver iron levels and meticulous compliance to desferrioxamine. Acta Haematol 2006; 115(1–2)106–108
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angelucci E, Baronciani D, Lucarelli G, Baldassarri M, Galimberti M, Giardini C, Martinelli F, Polchi P, Polizzi V, Ripalti M. Needle liver biopsy in thalassaemia: analyses of diagnostic accuracy and safety in 1184 consecutive biopsies. Br J Haematol 1995; 89(4)757–761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer R, Longo F, Nielsen P, Engelhardt R, Hider RC, Piga A. Monitoring long-term efficacy of iron chelation therapy by deferiprone and desferrioxamine in patients with β-thalassaemia major: application of SQUID biomagnetic liver susceptometry. Br J Haematol 2003; 121(6)938–948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark DD, Bass NM, Moss AA, Bacon BR, McKerrow JH, Cann CE, Brito A, Goldberg HI. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of experimentally induced liver disease. Radiology 1983; 148(3)743–751
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood JC, Otto-Duessel M, Aguilar M, Nick H, Nelson MD, Coates TD, Pollack H, Moats R. Cardiac iron determines cardiac T2*, T2, and T1 in the gerbil model of iron cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2005; 112(4)535–543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson LJ, Westwood MA, Holden S, Davis B, Prescott E, Wonke B, Porter JB, Walker JM, Pennell DJ. Myocardial iron clearance during reversal of siderotic cardiomyopathy with intravenous desferrioxamine: a prospective study using T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Br J Haematol 2004; 127(3)348–355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghugre NR, Coates TD, Nelson MD, Wood JC. Mechanisms of tissue-iron relaxivity: nuclear magnetic resonance studies of human liver biopsy specimens. Magn Reson Med 2005; 54(5)1185–1193
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood JC, Fassler J, Meade T. Mimicking liver iron overload using liposomal ferritin preparations. Magn Reson Med 2004; 51(3)607–611
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• St. Pierre TG, Clark PR, Chua-anusorn W, Fleming AJ, Jeffrey GP, Olynyk JK, Pootrakul P, Robins E, Lindeman R. Noninvasive measurement and imaging of liver iron concentrations using proton magnetic resonance. Blood 2005; 105(2)855–861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood JC, Enriquez C, Ghugre N, Tyzka JM, Carson S, Nelson MD, Coates TD. MRI R2 and R2* mapping accurately estimates hepatic iron concentration in transfusion-dependent thalassemia and sickle cell disease patients. Blood 2005; 106(4)1460–1465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villeneuve JP, Bilodeau M, Lepage R, Cote J, Lefebvre M. Variability in hepatic iron concentration measurement from needle-biopsy specimens. J Hepatol 1996; 25(2)172–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambu R, Crisponi G, Sciot R, Van Eyken P, Parodo G, Iannelli S, Marongiu F, Silvagni R, Nurchi V, Costa V. Uneven hepatic iron and phosphorus distribution in β-thalassemia. J Hepatol 1995; 23(5)544–549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westwood M, Anderson LJ, Firmin DN, Gatehouse PD, Charrier CC, Wonke B, Pennell DJ. A single breath-hold multiecho T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance technique for diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. J Magn Reson Imaging 2003; 18(1)33–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavrogeni SI, Maris T, Gouliamos A, Vlahos L, Kremastinos DT. Myocardial iron deposition in β-thalassemia studied by magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 1998; 14(2)117–122
   Google Scholar
• Voskaridou E, Douskou M, Terpos E, Papassotiriou I, Stamoulakatou A, Ourailidis A, Loutradi A, Loukopoulos D. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of iron overload in patients with β thalassaemia and sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 2004; 126(5)736–742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westwood MA, Anderson LJ, Firmin DN, Gatehouse PD, Lorenz CH, Wonke B, Pennell DJ. Interscanner reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance T2* measurements of tissue iron in thalassemia. J Magn Reson Imaging 2003; 18(5)616–620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghugre NR, Enriquez CM, Coates TD, Nelson MD, Jr, Wood JC. Improved R2* measurements in myocardial iron overload. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006; 23(1)9–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westwood MA, Firmin DN, Gildo M, Renzo G, Stathis G, Markissia K, Vasili B, Pennell DJ. Intercentre reproducibility of magnetic resonance T2* measurements of myocardial iron in thalassaemia. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2005; 21(5)531–538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner MA, He T, Westwood MA, Firmin DN, Pennell DJ. Multi-center validation of the transferability of the magnetic resonance T2* technique for the quantification of tissue iron. Haematologica 2006; 91(10)1388–1391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark PR, Chua-anusorn W, St. Pierre TG. Bi-exponential proton transverse relaxation rate (R2) image analysis using RF field intensity-weighted spin density projection: potential for R2 measurement of iron-loaded liver. Magn Reson Imaging 2003; 21(5)519–530
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark PR, St. Pierre TG. Quantitative mapping of transverse relaxivity (1/T(2)) in hepatic iron overload: a single spin-echo imaging methodology. Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 18(4)431–438
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bulte JW, Miller GF, Vymazal J, Brooks RA, Frank JA. Hepatic hemosiderosis in non-human primates: quantification of liver iron using different field strengths. Magn Reson Med 1997; 37(4)530–536
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yablonskiy DA, Haacke EM. Theory of NMR signal behavior in magnetically inhomogeneous tissues: the static dephasing regime. Magn Reson Med 1994; 32(6)749–763
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Storey P, Thompson AA, Carqueville CL, Wood JC, de Freitas RA, Rigsby CK. R2* imaging of transfusional iron burden at 3T and comparison with 1.5T. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25(3)540–547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argyropoulou MI, Metafratzi Z, Kiortsis DN, Bitsis S, Tsatsoulis A, Efremidis S. T2 relaxation rate as an index of pituitary iron overload in patients with β-thalassemia major. Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175(6)1567–1569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparacia G, Banco A, Midiri M, Iaia A. MR imaging technique for the diagnosis of pituitary iron overload in patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia major. Am J Neuroradiol 1998; 19(10)1905–1907
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miszkiel KA, Paley MN, Wilkinson ID, Hall-Craggs MA, Ordidge R, Kendall BE, Miller RF, Harrison MJ. The measurement of R2, R2* and R2' in HIV-infected patients using the prime sequence as a measure of brain iron deposition. Magn Reson Imaging 1997; 15(10)1113–1119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham JM, Paley MN, Grunewald RA, Hoggard N, Griffiths PD. Brain iron deposition in Parkinson's disease imaged using the PRIME magnetic resonance sequence. Brain 2000; 123(Pt 12)2423–2431
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isokawa M, Kimura F, Matsuki T, Omoto E, Otsuka K, Kurokawa H, Togami I, Hiraki Y, Kimura I, Harada M. Evaluation of bone marrow iron by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Hematol 1997; 74(6)269–274
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drakonaki E, Papakonstantinou O, Maris T, Vasiliadou A, Papadakis A, Gourtsoyiannis N. Adrenal glands in β-thalassemia major: magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features and correlation with iron stores. Eur Radiol 2005; 15(12)2462–2468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooi GC, Khong PL, Chan GC, Chan KN, Chan KL, Lam W, Ng I, Ha SY. Magnetic resonance screening of iron status in transfusion-dependent β-thalassaemia patients. Br J Haematol 2004; 124(3)385–390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar