Brain targeting of chitosan-based diazepam mucoadhesive microemulsions via nasal route: formulation optimization, characterization, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation

References

• Meldrum B. Physiological changes during prolonged seizures and epileptic brain damage. Neuropediatric 1978;9:203–212.
   Google Scholar
• McMullan J, Sasson C, Pancioli A, et al. Midazolam versus diazepam for the treatment of status epilepticus in children and young adults: a meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17:575–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechgaard E, Gizurarson SÖRn, Hjortkjár RK. Solubilization of various benzodiazepines for intranasal administration, a pilot study. Pharm. Dev. Tech. 1997;2:293–296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sirven J, Waterhouse E. Management of status epilepticus. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68:469–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand kumar Tc, David GFX, Saini KD. Uptake of radioactivity by body fluids and tissues in rhesus monkeys after intravenous injection or intranasal spray of tritium-labeled estradiol and progesterone. Curr Sci 1974;43:435–439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illum L. Nasal drug delivery: new developments and strategies. Drug Discov Today. 2002;7:1184–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illum L. Is nose-to-brain transport of drugs in man a reality. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2004;56:3–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illum L. Nasal drug delivery - recent developments and future prospects. J Control Release. 2012;161:254–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Gorukanti S, Choi YM, et al. Rapid-onset intranasal delivery of anticonvulsants: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation in rabbits. Int J Pharm. 2000;199:65–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Nandi I, Kim KH. Development of an ethyl laurate-based microemulsion for rapid-onset intranasal delivery of diazepam. Int J Pharm. 2002;237:77–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botner S, Sintov AC. Intranasal delivery of two benzodiazepines, midazolam and diazepam, by a microemulsion system. Pharmacol Pharm. 2011;02:180–188.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson NJ, Hanson LR, Frey WH. Trigeminal pathways deliver a low molecular weight drug from the nose to the brain and orofacial structures. Mol Pharm. 2010;7:884–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson LR, Frey WH. 2nd. Intranasal delivery bypasses the blood-brain barrier to target therapeutic agents to the central nervous system and treat neurodegenerative disease. BMC Neurosci. 2008;9:S5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence MJ, Rees GD. Microemulsion-based media as novel drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2000;45:89–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar M, Mittal KL. Handbook of microemulsion: science and technology. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1999. p. 250–5.
   Google Scholar
• Kloet JV, Schramm LL, Shelfantook B. Applications of the hydrophile lipophile concept to the classification of demulsifiers and bituminous froth and its components. Fuel Proces Technol. 2002;75:9–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagwe RP, Kanicky JR, Palla BJ, et al. Improved drug delivery using microemulsions: rationale, recent progress, and new horizons. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2001;18:77–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CK, Ryuu SA, Park KM, et al. Preparation and physicochemical characterization of phase inverted water/oil microemulsion containing cyclosporin A. Int J Pharm. 1997;147:131–134.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Jiang X, Jiang W, et al. Preparation of nimodipine-loaded microemulsion for intranasal delivery and evaluation on the targeting efficiency to the brain. Int J Pharm. 2004;275:85–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar M, Misra A, Babbar AK, et al. Intranasal nanoemulsion based brain targeting drug delivery system of risperidone . Int J Pharm. 2008;358:285–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar M, Pathak K, Misra A. Formulation and characterization of nanoemulsion-based drug delivery system of risperidone. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2009;35:387–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porecha S, shah T, Jogani V, et al. Microemulsion based intranasal delivery system for treatment of insomnia. Drug Deliv. 2009;16:128–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah B, Khunt D, Misra M, et al. Formulation and in-vivo pharmacokinetic consideration of intranasal microemulsion and mucoadhesive microemulsion of rivastigmine for brain targeting. Pharm Res. 2018;35:8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah B, Khunt D, Misra M, et al. Non-invasive intranasal delivery of quetiapine fumarate loaded microemulsion for brain targeting: formulation, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic consideration. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2016;91:196–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel MR, Patel RB, Bhatt KK, et al. Paliperidone microemulsion for nose-to-brain targeted drug delivery system: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Drug Deliv. 2016;23:346–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma G, Mishra AK, Mishra P, et al. Intranasal cabergoline: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2009;10:1321–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan S, Patil K, Yeole P, et al. Brain targeting studies on Buspirone hydrochloride after intra nasal administration of muco adhesive formulation in rats. J Pharmacol. 2009;61:669–675.
   Google Scholar
• Haque S, Md S, Fazil M, et al. Venlafaxine loaded chitosan NPs for brain targeting: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. Carbohydr Polym. 2012;89:72–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Ghananeem AM, Saeed H, Florence R, et al. Intranasal drug delivery of didanosine-loaded chitosan NPs for brain targeting; an attractive route against infections caused by aids viruses. J Drug Target. 2010;18:381–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazil M, Md S, Haque S, et al. Development and evaluation of rivastigmine loaded chitosan nanoparticles for brain targeting. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2012;47:6–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box GEP, Behnken DW. Some new three level designs for the study of quantitative variables. Technometrics. 1960;2:455–475.
   Google Scholar
• Ramesh G, Chinna RP, Vamshi VY, et al. Enhanced bioavailability of lacidipine via microemulsion based transdermal gels: formulation optimization, ex vivo and in vivo characterization. Int J of Pharm. 2010;388:231–241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hao JF, Fang XS, Zhou YF, et al. Development and optimization of solid lipid nanoparticle formulation for ophthalmic delivery of chloramphenicol using a Box-Behnke design. Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:683–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baboota S, Shakeel F, Ahuja A, et al. Design, development and evaluation of novel nano emulsion formulations for transdermal potential of celecoxib. Acta Pharm. 2007;57:315–332.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mainardes RM, Evangelista RC. PLGA nanoparticles containing praziquantel: effect of formulation variables on size distribution. Int J Pharm. 2005;290:137–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United states Pharmacopeia 30.2007; (2) NF 25: 1912.
   Google Scholar
• Alany RG, Tucker IG, Davies NM, et al. Characterizing colloidal structures of pseudo ternary phase diagrams formed by oil/water/amphiphile systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2001;27:31–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He CX, He ZG, Gao JQ. Microemulsions as drug delivery systems to improve the solubility and the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2010;7:445–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florence K, Manisha L, Kumar BA, et al. Intranasal clobazam delivery in the treatment of status epilepticus. J Pharm Sci. 2011;100:692–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyas TK, Babbar AK, Sharma RK, et al. Developed intranasal mucoadhesive microemulsions of clonazepam preliminary studies on brain targeting. J Pharm Sci. 2006;95:570–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivaturi VD, Riss JR, Kriel RL, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of intranasal diazepam and midazolam in healthy adult volunteers. Acta Neurol Scand. 2009;120:353–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow HHS, Chen Z, Matsuura GT. Direct transport of cocaine from the nasal cavity to the brain following intra nasal cocaine administration in rats. J Pharm Sci. 1999;88:754–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu HT, Chen RN, Sheu MT, et al. Rapid-onset sildenafil nasal spray carried by microemulsion systems: in vitro evaluation and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rabbits. Xenobiotica. 2011;41:567–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy MY, Schutze W, Fuhrer C, et al. Characterization of diazepam submicron emulsion interface: role of oleic acid. J Microencapsul. 1994;11:79–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furubayashi T, Inoue D, Kamaguchi A, et al. Influence of formulation viscosity on drug absorption following nasal application in rats. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2007;22:206–2I1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brijesh MS, Manju M, Chamanlal JS, et al. Nose to brain microemulsion-based drug delivery system of rivastigmine: formulation and ex-vivo characterization. Drug Deliv. 2015;22:918–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar