References

• Bareiss, J., Eicken, H., Helbig, A., and Martin, T. 1999. “Impact of river discharge and regional climatology on the decay of sea ice in the Laptev Sea during spring and early summer.” Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, Vol. 31 (No. 3): pp. 214–229. doi:10.1080/15230430.1999.12003302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R., Derksen, C., and Wang, L. 2010. “A multi‐data set analysis of variability and change in Arctic spring snow cover extent, 1967–2008.” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115(No. D16): pp. 1–16. doi:10.1029/2010JD013975.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown, R.D., and Cote, P. 1992. “Interannual variability of landlandfast ice thickness in the Canadian High Arctic, 1950-89.” Arctic, Vol. 45(No. 3): pp. 273–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaghan, T.V., Johansson, M., Brown, R.D., Groisman, P.Y., Labba, N., Radionov, V., Barry, R.G., et al. 2011. “The changing face of Arctic snow cover: A synthesis of observed and projected changes.” AMBIO, Vol. 40(No. S1): pp. 17–31. doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0212-y.
   Google Scholar
• Cooley, S.W., Ryan, J.C., Smith, L.C., Horvat, C., Pearson, B., Dale, B., and Lynch, A.H. 2020. “Coldest Canadian Arctic communities face greatest reductions in shorefast sea ice.” Nature Climate Change, Vol. 10(No. 6): pp. 533–538. doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0757-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean, K.G., Stringer, W.J., Ahlnas, K., Searcy, C., and Weingartner, T. 1994. “The influence of river discharge on the thawing of sea ice, Mackenzie River Delta: albedo and temperature analyses.” Polar Research, Vol. 13 (No. 1): pp. 83–94. doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.1994.tb00439.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz, A., Ehn, J.K., Landy, J.C., Else, B.G.T., Campbell, K., and Papakyriakou, T.N. 2018. “The energetics of extensive meltwater flooding of level Arctic sea ice.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 123(No. 12): pp. 8730–8748. doi:10.1029/2018JC014045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumas, J., Carmack, E., and Melling, H. 2005. “Climate change impacts on the Beaufort shelf landlandfast ice.” Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 42(No. 1): pp. 41–51. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2004.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J.D., and Furgal, C. 2009. “Foreword to the special issue: climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability in the Arctic.” Polar Research, Vol. 28(No. 1): pp. 1–9. doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2009.00103.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, A.D., Massom, R.A., Handcock, M.S., Reid, P., Ohshima, K.I., Raphael, M.N., Cartwright, J., Klekociuk, A.R., Wang, Z., and Porter-Smith, R. 2021. “Eighteen-year record of circum-Antarctic landfast-sea-ice distribution allows detailed baseline characterisation and reveals trends and variability.” The Cryosphere, Vol. 15(No. 11): pp. 5061–5077. doi:10.5194/tc-15-5061-2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon, A. S., and Gough, W. A. 2005. “Trends in the dates of ice freeze-up and breakup over Hudson Bay, Canada.” Arctic, Vol. 58(No. 4): p.370–382.
   Google Scholar
• Gagnon, A.S., and Gough, W.A. 2006. “East–west asymmetry in long-term trends of landfast ice thickness in the Hudson Bay region, Canada.” Climate Research, Vol. 32(No. 3): pp. 177–186. doi:10.3354/cr032177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galley, R.J., Else, B.G., Howell, S.E., Lukovich, J.V., and Barber, D.G. 2012. “Landfast sea ice conditions in the Canadian Arctic: 1983-2009.” Arctic, Vol. 65(No. 2): pp. 133–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearheard, S., Matumeak, W., Angutikjuaq, I., Maslanik, J., Huntington, H., Leavitt, J., Matumeak, D., Tigullaraq, G., and Barry, R. 2006. “It’s not that simple’’: comparison of sea ice environments, observed changes, and adaptations in Barrow Alaska, USA, and Clyde River, Nunavut, Canada.” AMBIO, Vol. 35(No. 4): pp. 203–211. doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[203:INTSAC]2.0.CO;2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough, W.A., Cornwell, A.R., and Tsuji, L.J. 2004. “Trends in seasonal sea ice duration in southwestern Hudson Bay.” Arctic, Vol. 57(No. 3): pp. 299–305. doi:10.14430/arctic507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, K., Mukhopadhyay, A., Babb, D.G., Barber, D.G., and Ehn, J.K. 2022. “Landfast sea ice in Hudson Bay and James Bay: Annual cycle, variability and trends, 2000.” Elementa, Vol. 10(No. 1): pp. 2019. doi:10.1525/elementa.2021.00073.
   Google Scholar
• Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I. and Schepers, D. 2018. ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), 10(10.24381). (Accessed on 02-007-2023).
   Google Scholar
• Hochheim, K.P., and Barber, D.G. 2010. “Atmospheric forcing of sea ice in Hudson Bay during the fall period, 1980–2005.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 115(No. C5): pp. 1–20. doi:10.1029/2009JC005334.
   Google Scholar
• Hochheim, K.P., and Barber, D.G. 2014. “An update on the ice climatology of the Hudson Bay system.” Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, Vol. 46(No. 1): pp. 66–83. doi:10.1657/1938-4246-46.1.66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, D.A., Nandan, V., Mahoney, A.R., Yackel, J.J., and Resler, L.M. 2023. “Landfast sea ice break out patterns in the northern Bering Sea observed from C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, Vol. 117: pp. 103183. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2023.103183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, C., Huntington, H.P., Brewster, K., Eicken, H., Norton, D.W., and Glenn, R. 2004. “Observations on shorelandfast ice dynamics in Arctic Alaska and the responses of the Iñupiat hunting community.” Arctic, Vol. 57(No. 4): pp. 363–374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, J., Eicken, H., Mahoney, A., Rohith, M.V., Kambhamettu, C., Fukamachi, Y., Ohshima, K.I., and George, J.C. 2016. “Landfast sea ice breakouts: Stabilizing ice features, oceanic and atmospheric forcing at Barrow, Alaska.” Continental Shelf Research, Vol. 126: pp. 50–63. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2016.07.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirillov, S., Babb, D., Dmitrenko, I., Landy, J., Lukovich, J., Ehn, J., Sydor, K., Barber, D., and Stroeve, J. 2020. “Atmospheric forcing drives the winter sea ice thickness asymmetry of Hudson Bay.” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 125(No. 2): pp. e2019JC015756. doi:10.1029/2019JC015756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laidler, G.J., Ford, J.D., Gough, W.A., Ikummaq, T., Gagnon, A.S., Kowal, S., Qrunnut, K., and Irngaut, C. 2009. “Travelling and hunting in a changing Arctic: Assessing Inuit vulnerability to sea ice change in Igloolik, Nunavut.” Climatic Change, Vol. 94(No. 3-4): pp. 363–397. doi:10.1007/s10584-008-9512-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, H.M., Geldsetzer, T., Howell, S.E., and Yackel, J. 2022. “Snow depth on sea ice and on land in the Canadian Arctic from long-term observations.” Atmosphere-Ocean, Vol. 61(No. 4): pp. 217–233. doi:10.1080/07055900.2022.2060178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landy, J., Ehn, J., Shields, M., and Barber, D. 2014. “Surface and melt pond evolution on landfast first-year sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 119(No. 5): pp. 3054–3075. doi:10.1002/2013JC009617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledley, T.S. 1991. “Snow on sea ice: Competing effects in shaping climate.” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 96(No. D9): pp. 17195–17208. doi:10.1029/91JD01439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovvorn, J.R., Rocha, A.R., Mahoney, A.H., and Jewett, S.C. 2018. “Sustaining ecological and subsistence functions in conservation areas: eider habitat and access by Native hunters along landlandfast ice.” Environmental Conservation, Vol. 45(No. 4): pp. 361–369. doi:10.1017/S0376892918000103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney, A., Eicken, H., Shapiro, L., and Graves, A. 2006. “Defining and locating the seaward landfast ice edge in northern Alaska.” In 18th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions (POAC'05), Potsdam, NY (pp. 991–1001).
   Google Scholar
• Mahoney, A. R. 2018. Landfast sea ice in a changing arctic. Arctic Report Card 2018, p. 99.
   Google Scholar
• Maslanik, J., Stroeve, J., Fowler, C., and Emery, W. 2011. “Distribution and trends in Arctic sea ice age through spring 2011.” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38(No. 13): pp. 1–6. doi:10.1029/2011GL047735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massom, R.A., Eicken, H., Hass, C., Jeffries, M.O., Drinkwater, M.R., Sturm, M., Worby, A.P., et al. 2001. “Snow on Antarctic sea ice.” Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 39(No. 3): pp. 413–445. doi:10.1029/2000RG000085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masterson, D.M. 2009. “State of the art of ice bearing capacity and ice construction.” Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 58(No. 3): pp. 99–112. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, W.N., Stroeve, J., and Gearheard, S. 2006. “Bridging perspectives from remote sensing and Inuit communities on changing sea-ice cover in the Baffin Bay region.” Annals of Glaciology, Vol. 44: pp. 433–438. doi:10.3189/172756406781811790.
   Google Scholar
• Mudryk, L.R., Derksen, C., Howell, S., Laliberté, F., Thackeray, C., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Vionnet, V., Kushner, P.J., and Brown, R. 2018. “Canadian snow and sea ice: historical trends and projections.” The Cryosphere, Vol. 12(No. 4): pp. 1157–1176. doi:10.5194/tc-12-1157-2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, M.C., Macdonald, R.W., Melling, H., and Iseki, K. 2006. “Particle fluxes and geochemistry on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf: Implications for sediment transport and deposition.” Continental Shelf Research, Vol. 26(No. 1): pp. 41–81. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2005.09.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Leary, D., Hall, D. K., Medler, M., Matthews, R., and Flower, A. 2019. Snowmelt timing maps derived from MODIS for North America, Version 2, 2001–2018. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Overeem, I., Anderson, R.S., Wobus, C.W., Clow, G.D., Urban, F.E., and Matell, N. 2011. “Sea ice loss enhances wave action at the Arctic coast.” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38(No. 17): pp. n/a–n/a. doi:10.1029/2011GL048681.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, T., Smit, B., Duerden, F., Ford, J.D., Goose, A., and Kataoyak, F. 2010. “Inuit vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change in Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada.” Polar Record, Vol. 46(No. 2): pp. 157–177. doi:10.1017/S0032247409008602.
   Google Scholar
• Perovich, D.K., Grenfell, T.C., Richter‐Menge, J.A., Light, B., Tucker, W.B., and Eicken, H. 2003. “Thin and thinner: Sea ice mass balance measurements during SHEBA.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 108(No. C3): pp. 26–1 – 26–21. doi:10.1029/2001JC001079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson, P.O.G., Fairall, C.W., Andreas, E.L., Guest, P.S., and Perovich, D.K. 2002. “Measurements near the Atmospheric Surface Flux Group tower at SHEBA: Near‐surface conditions and surface energy budget.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 107(No. C10): pp. SHE–21. doi:10.1029/2000JC000705.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrich, C., Eicken, H., Zhang, J., Krieger, J., Fukamachi, Y., and Ohshima, K.I. 2012. “Coastal landfast sea ice decay and breakup in northern Alaska: Key processes and seasonal prediction.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 117(No. C2): pp. C02003. doi:10.1029/2011JC007339.
   Google Scholar
• Potter, R. E., Walden, J. T., and Haspel, R. A. 1981. January. Design and construction of sea ice roads in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference. doi:10.4043/4080-MS.
   Google Scholar
• Rothrock, D.A., Yu, Y., and Maykut, G.A. 1999. “Thinning of the Arctic sea‐ice cover.” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 26(No. 23): pp. 3469–3472. doi:10.1029/1999GL010863.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serreze, M.C., Maslanik, J.A., Scambos, T.A., Fetterer, F., Stroeve, J., Knowles, K., Fowler, C., Drobot, S., Barry, R.G., and Haran, T.M. 2003. “A record minimum arctic sea ice extent and area in 2002.” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 30(No. 3): pp. 10–1 – 10–4. doi:10.1029/2002GL016406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tivy, A., Howell, S.E., Alt, B., McCourt, S., Chagnon, R., Crocker, G., Carrieres, T., and Yackel, J.J. 2011. “Trends and variability in summer sea ice cover in the Canadian Arctic based on the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive, 1960–2008 and 1968–2008.” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116(No. C3): pp. 1–25. doi:10.1029/2009JC005855.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, W.B., Weatherly, J.W., Eppler, D.T., Farmer, L.D., and Bentley, D.L. 2001. “Evidence for rapid thinning of sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean at the end of the 1980s.” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 28(No. 14): pp. 2851–2854. (doi:10.1029/2001GL012967.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ushio, S. 2006. “Factors affecting fast-ice break-up frequency in Lützow-Holm Bay, Antarctica.” Annals of Glaciology, Vol. 44: pp. 177–182. doi:10.3189/172756406781811835.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., Maykut, G.A., and Rothrock, D.A. 2004. “Changes in the thickness distribution of Arctic Sea ice between 1958–1970 and 1993–1997.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 109(No. C8): pp. 1–18. doi:10.1029/2003JC001982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., Stern, H., Fowler, C., Fetterer, F., and Maslanik, J. 2014. “Interannual variability of Arctic landlandfast ice between 1976 and 2007.” Journal of Climate, Vol. 27(No. 1): pp. 227–243. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00178.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar