Beetroot Increases Muscle Performance and Oxygenation During Sustained Isometric Exercise, but Does Not Alter Muscle Oxidative Efficiency and Microvascular Reactivity at Rest

References

• Affourtit C, Bailey SJ, Jones AM, Smallwood MJ, Winyard PG. On the mechanism by which dietary nitrate improves human skeletal muscle function. Front Physiol. 2015;6:211. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00211. PMID: 26283970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asgary S, Afshani MR, Sahebkar A, Keshvari M, Taheri M, Jahanian E, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Malekian F, Sarrafzadegan N. Improvement of hypertension, endothelial function and systemic inflammation following short-term supplementation with red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) juice: a randomized crossover pilot study. J Hum Hypertens. 2016;30:627–32. doi:10.1038/jhh.2016.34. PMID: 27278926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashor AW, Jajja A, Sutyarjoko A, Brandt K, Qadir O, Lara J, Siervo M. Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on microvascular blood flow in older overweight and obese subjects: a pilot randomised controlled study. J Hum Hypertens. 2015;29:511–13. doi:10.1038/jhh.2014.114. PMID: 25471613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey SJ, Fulford J, Vanhatalo A, Winyard PG, Blackwell JR, DiMenna FJ, Wilkerson DP, Benjamin N, Jones AM. Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile efficiency during knee-extensor exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109:135–48. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00046.2010. PMID: 20466802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey SJ, Varnham RL, DiMenna FJ, Breese BC, Wylie LJ, Jones AM. Inorganic nitrate supplementation improves muscle oxygenation, O(2) uptake kinetics, and exercise tolerance at high but not low pedal rates. J Appl Physiol. 2015;118:1396–405. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01141.2014. PMID: 25858494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey SJ, Winyard P, Vanhatalo A, Blackwell JR, Dimenna FJ, Wilkerson DP, Tarr J, Benjamin N, Jones AM. Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2009;107:1144–55. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00722.2009. PMID: 19661447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonde-Petersen F, Robertson CH Jr. Blood flow in “red” and “'white” calf muscles in cats during isometric and isotonic exercise. Acta Physiol Scand. 1981;112:243–51. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1981.tb06812.x. PMID: 7293795
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boushel R, Langberg H, Olesen J, Gonzales-Alonzo J, Bulow J, Kjaer M. Monitoring tissue oxygen availability with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in health and disease. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2001;11:213–22. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.110404.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bystrom S. Estimation of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in isometric forearm exercise. Upsala J Med Sci. 1994;99:51–62. doi:10.3109/03009739409179350. PMID: 7810029
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Celie B, Boone J, Van Coster R, Bourgois J. Reliability of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for measuring forearm oxygenation during incremental handgrip exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112:2369–74. doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2183-x. PMID: 21952981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosby K, Partovi KS, Crawford JH, Patel RP, Reiter CD, Martyr S, Yang BK, Waclawiw MA, Zalos G, Xu X, Huang KT, Shields H, Kim-Shapiro DB, Schechter AN, Cannon RO 3rd, Gladwin MT. Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation. Nat Med. 2003;9:1498–505. doi:10.1038/nm954. PMID: 14595407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai Z, Wu Z, Yang Y, Wang J, Satterfield MC, Meininger CJ, Bazer FW, Wu G. Nitric oxide and energy metabolism in mammals. BioFactors. 2013;39:383–91. doi:10.1002/biof.1099. PMID: 23553707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Blasi RA, Cope M, Elwell C, Safoue F, Ferrari M. Noninvasive measurement of human forearm oxygen consumption by near infrared spectroscopy. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1993;67:20–25. doi:10.1007/BF00377698. PMID: 8375359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Ruiter CJ, de Boer MD, Spanjaard M, de Haan A. Knee angle-dependent oxygen consumption during isometric contractions of the knee extensors determined with near-infrared spectroscopy. J Appl Physiol. 2005;99:579–586. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01420.2004. PMID: 15774700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLorey DS, Kowalchuk JM, Paterson DH. Effects of prior heavy-intensity exercise on pulmonary O2 uptake and muscle deoxygenation kinetics in young and older adult humans. J Appl Physiol. 2004;97:998–1005. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01280.2003. PMID: 15133009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhindsa M, Sommerlad SM, DeVan AE, Barnes JN, Sugawara J, Ley O, Tanaka H. Interrelationships among noninvasive measures of postischemic macro- and microvascular reactivity. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105:427–432. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90431.2008. PMID: 18483158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dipla K, Papadopoulos S, Zafeiridis A, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG, Vrabas IS. Determinants of muscle metaboreflex and involvement of baroreflex in boys and young men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113:827–838. doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2493-7. PMID: 22983569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dipla K, Triantafyllou A, Grigoriadou I, Kintiraki E, Triantafyllou GA, Poulios P, Vrabas IS, Zafeiridis A, Douma S, Goulis DG. Impairments in microvascular function and skeletal muscle oxygenation in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: links to cardiovascular disease risk factors. Diabetologia. 2017;60:192–201. doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4129-7. PMID: 27722775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dipla K, Triantafyllou A, Koletsos N, Papadopoulos S, Sachpekidis V, Vrabas IS, Gkaliagkousi E, Zafeiridis A, Douma S. Impaired muscle oxygenation and elevated exercise blood pressure in hypertensive patients: Links with vascular stiffness. Hypertension. 2017;70:444–51. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09558. PMID: 28607132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson SK, Hirai DM, Copp SW, Holdsworth CT, Allen JD, Jones AM, Musch TI, Poole DC. Impact of dietary nitrate supplementation via beetroot juice on exercising muscle vascular control in rats. J Physiol. 2013;591:547–57. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.243121. PMID: 23070702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flammer AJ, Anderson T, Celermajer DS, Creager MA, Deanfield J, Ganz P, Hamburg NM, Luscher TF, Shechter M, Taddei S, Vita JA, Lerman A. The assessment of endothelial function: from research into clinical practice. Circulation. 2012;126:753–67. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.093245. PMID: 22869857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagan SD, Looney DP, Miller MJ, DuPont WH, Pryor L, Creighton BC, Sterczala AJ, Szivak TK, Hooper DR, Maresh CM, Volek JS, Ellis LA, Kraemer WJ. The effects of Nitrate-Rich supplementation on Neuromuscular efficiency during heavy resistance exercise. J Am Coll Nutr. 2016;35:100–7. doi:10.1080/07315724.2015.1081572. PMID: 26885762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulford J, Winyard PG, Vanhatalo A, Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, Jones AM. Influence of dietary nitrate supplementation on human skeletal muscle metabolism and force production during maximum voluntary contractions. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol. 2013;465:517–28. doi:10.1007/s00424-013-1220-5. PMID: 23354414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerodimos V, Karatrantou K, Psychou D, Vasilopoulou T, Zafeiridis A. Static and dynamic handgrip strength endurance: Test-Retest reproducibility. J Hand Surg. 2017;42:e175–84. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.12.014. PMID: 28259282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilchrist M, Winyard PG, Aizawa K, Anning C, Shore A, Benjamin N. Effect of dietary nitrate on blood pressure, endothelial function, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. Free Radical Biol Med. 2013;60:89–97. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guelen I, Westerhof BE, Van Der Sar GL, Van Montfrans GA, Kiemeneij F, Wesseling KH, Bos WJ. Finometer, finger pressure measurements with the possibility to reconstruct brachial pressure. Blood Pressure Monit. 2003;8:27–30. doi:10.1097/00126097-200302000-00006. PMID: 12604933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamaoka T, Iwane H, Shimomitsu T, Katsumura T, Murase N, Nishio S, Osada T, Kurosawa Y, Chance B. Noninvasive measures of oxidative metabolism on working human muscles by near-infrared spectroscopy. J Appl Physiol. 1996;81:1410–17. PMID: 8889781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamburg NM, Palmisano J, Larson MG, Sullivan LM, Lehman BT, Vasan RS, Levy D, Mitchell GF, Vita JA, Benjamin EJ. Relation of brachial and digital measures of vascular function in the community: the Framingham heart study. Hypertension. 2011;57:390–96. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.160812. PMID: 21263120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez A, Schiffer TA, Ivarsson N, Cheng AJ, Bruton JD, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Westerblad H. Dietary nitrate increases tetanic [Ca2+]i and contractile force in mouse fast-twitch muscle. J Physiol. 2012;590:3575–83. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.232777. PMID: 22687611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewett PW. Vascular endothelial cells from human micro- and macrovessels: isolation, characterisation and culture. Methods Mol Biol. 2009;467:95–111. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-241-0_5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hobbs DA, George TW, Lovegrove JA. The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies. Nutr Res Rev. 2013;26:210–22. doi:10.1017/S0954422413000188. PMID: 24134873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoon MW, Fornusek C, Chapman PG, Johnson NA. The effect of nitrate supplementation on muscle contraction in healthy adults. Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15:712–19. doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1053418. PMID: 26681629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isbell TS, Gladwin MT, Patel RP. Hemoglobin oxygen fractional saturation regulates nitrite-dependent vasodilation of aortic ring bioassays. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007;293:H2565–72. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00759.2007. PMID: 17766472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivarsson N, Schiffer TA, Hernandez A, Lanner JT, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Westerblad H. Dietary nitrate markedly improves voluntary running in mice. Physiol Behav. 2017;168:55–61. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.10.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AM. Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance. Sport Med. 2014;44(Suppl 1):S35–45. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0149-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AM, Ferguson SK, Bailey SJ, Vanhatalo A, Poole DC. Fiber type-specific effects of Dietary nitrate. Exercise Sport Sci Rev. 2016;44:53–60. doi:10.1249/JES.0000000000000074. PMID: 26829247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagaya A, Ogita F. Blood flow during muscle contraction and relaxation in rhythmic exercise at different intensities. Ann Physiol Anthropol. 1992;11:251–56. doi:10.2114/ahs1983.11.251. PMID: 1642721
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim JK, Moore DJ, Maurer DG, Kim-Shapiro DB, Basu S, Flanagan MP, Skulas-Ray AC, Kris-Etherton P, Proctor DN. Acute dietary nitrate supplementation does not augment submaximal forearm exercise hyperemia in healthy young men. Appli Physiol Nutr Metabol. 2015;40:122–28. doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0228. PMID: 25536008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura N, Hamaoka T, Kurosawa Y, Katsumura T. Contribution of intramuscular oxidative metabolism to total ATP production during forearm isometric exercise at varying intensities. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2006;208:307–20. doi:10.1620/tjem.208.307. PMID: 16565593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koga S, Poole DC, Ferreira LF, Whipp BJ, Kondo N, Saitoh T, Ohmae E, Barstow TJ. Spatial heterogeneity of quadriceps muscle deoxygenation kinetics during cycle exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103:2049–56. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00627.2007. PMID: 17885024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kragelj R, Jarm T, Erjavec T, Presern-Strukelj M, Miklavcic D. Parameters of postocclusive reactive hyperemia measured by near infrared spectroscopy in patients with peripheral vascular disease and in healthy volunteers. Ann Biomed Eng. 2001;29:311–20. doi:10.1114/1.1359451. PMID: 11339328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krustrup P, Soderlund K, Relu MU, Ferguson RA, Bangsbo J. Heterogeneous recruitment of quadriceps muscle portions and fibre types during moderate intensity knee-extensor exercise: effect of thigh occlusion. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009;19:576–84. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00801.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, West DC, Ager A. Heterogeneity in endothelial cells from large vessels and microvessels. Differentiation. 1987;36:57–70. doi:10.1111/j.1432-0436.1987.tb00181.x. PMID: 2451631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laaksonen MS, Kalliokoski KK, Kyrolainen H, Kemppainen J, Teras M, Sipila H, Nuutila P, Knuuti J. Skeletal muscle blood flow and flow heterogeneity during dynamic and isometric exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003;284:H979–86. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00714.2002. PMID: 12446282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansley KE, Winyard PG, Fulford J, Vanhatalo A, Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, DiMenna FJ, Gilchrist M, Benjamin N, Jones AM. Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of walking and running: a placebo-controlled study. J Appl Physiol. 2011;110:591–600. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01070.2010. PMID: 21071588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lara J, Ashor AW, Oggioni C, Ahluwalia A, Mathers JC, Siervo M. Effects of inorganic nitrate and beetroot supplementation on endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55:451–59. doi:10.1007/s00394-015-0872-7. PMID: 25764393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen FJ, Schiffer TA, Borniquel S, Sahlin K, Ekblom B, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E. Dietary inorganic nitrate improves mitochondrial efficiency in humans. Cell Metab. 2011;13:149–59. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.01.004. PMID: 21284982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JS, Stebbins CL, Jung E, Nho H, Kim JK, Chang MJ, Choi HM. Effects of chronic dietary nitrate supplementation on the hemodynamic response to dynamic exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015;309:R459–66. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00099.2015. PMID: 26084693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Gladwin MT. The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics. Nature Rev Drug Discovery. 2008;7:156–67. doi:10.1038/nrd2466. PMID: 18167491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malagoni AM, Felisatti M, Mandini S, Mascoli F, Manfredini R, Basaglia N, Zamboni P, Manfredini F. Resting muscle oxygen consumption by near-infrared spectroscopy in peripheral arterial disease: a parameter to be considered in a clinical setting?. Angiology. 2010;61:530–536. doi:10.1177/0003319710362975. PMID: 20395235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLay KM, Fontana FY, Nederveen JP, Guida FF, Paterson DH, Pogliaghi S, Murias JM. Vascular responsiveness determined by near-infrared spectroscopy measures of oxygen saturation. Exp Physiol. 2016;101:34–40. doi:10.1113/EP085406. PMID: 26498127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLay KM, Nederveen JP, Pogliaghi S, Paterson DH, Murias JM. Repeatability of vascular responsiveness measures derived from near-infrared spectroscopy. Physiolo Rep. 2016;4. doi:10.14814/phy2.12772. PMID: 27147496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogensen M, Bagger M, Pedersen PK, Fernstrom M, Sahlin K. Cycling efficiency in humans is related to low UCP3 content and to type I fibres but not to mitochondrial efficiency. J Physiol. 2006;571:669–81. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.101691. PMID: 16423857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murrant CL, Frisbee JC, Barclay JK. The effect of nitric oxide and endothelin on skeletal muscle contractility changes when stimulation is altered. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1997;75:414–22. doi:10.1139/y97-096. PMID: 9250375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omar SA, Webb AJ, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E. Therapeutic effects of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. J Intern Med. 2016;279:315–36. doi:10.1111/joim.12441. PMID: 26522443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parati G, Casadei R, Groppelli A, Di Rienzo M, Mancia G. Comparison of finger and intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring at rest and during laboratory testing. Hypertension. 1989;13:647–55. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.13.6.647. PMID: 2500393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitcher JB, Miles TS Influence of muscle blood flow on fatigue during intermittent human hand-grip exercise and recovery. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1997;24:471–76. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1997.tb01229.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porcelli S, Pugliese L, Rejc E, Pavei G, Bonato M, Montorsi M, La Torre A, Rasica L, Marzorati M. Effects of a short-term high-nitrate diet on exercise performance. Nutrients. 2016;8(9). doi:10.3390/nu8090534. PMID: 27589795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radegran G. Ultrasound Doppler estimates of femoral artery blood flow during dynamic knee extensor exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1997;83:1383–88. PMID: 9338449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan TE, Erickson ML, Brizendine JT, Young HJ, McCully KK. Noninvasive evaluation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity with near-infrared spectroscopy: correcting for blood volume changes. J Appl Physiol. 2012;113:175–83. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00319.2012. PMID: 22582211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan TE, Southern WM, Reynolds MA, McCully KK. A cross-validation of near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity with phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Appl Physiol. 2013;115:1757–66. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00835.2013. PMID: 24136110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadamoto T, Bonde-Petersen F, Suzuki Y. Skeletal muscle tension, flow, pressure, and EMG during sustained isometric contractions in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1983;51:395–408. doi:10.1007/BF00429076. PMID: 6685038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sako T, Hamaoka T, Higuchi H, Kurosawa Y, Katsumura T. Validity of NIR spectroscopy for quantitatively measuring muscle oxidative metabolic rate in exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2001;90:338–44. PMID: 11133927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjogaard G, Savard G, Juel C. Muscle blood flow during isometric activity and its relation to muscle fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1988;57:327–35. doi:10.1007/BF00635992. PMID: 3371342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamler JS, Meissner G. Physiology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. Physiol Rev. 2001;81:209–37. PMID: 11152758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay JC, King TJ. Near-infrared spectroscopy: can it measure endothelial function? Experimental Physiology. 2016;101:1443–44. doi:10.1113/EP085902. PMID: 27620539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Beekvelt MC, Borghuis MS, van Engelen BG, Wevers RA, Colier WN. Adipose tissue thickness affects in vivo quantitative near-IR spectroscopy in human skeletal muscle. Clin Sci. 2001;101:21–28. doi:10.1042/cs1010021. PMID: 11410110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG. Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O(2) consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 2001;90:511–19. PMID: 11160049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield J, Ludzki A, Heigenhauser GJ, Senden JM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ, Spriet LL, Holloway GP. Beetroot juice supplementation reduces whole body oxygen consumption but does not improve indices of mitochondrial efficiency in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2016;594:421–35. doi:10.1113/JP270844. PMID: 26457670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon Y, Song J, Hong SH, Kim JQ. Plasma nitric oxide concentrations and nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in coronary artery disease. Clin Chem. 2000;46:1626–30. PMID: 11017941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafeiridis A, Kounoupis A, Dipla K, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG, Smilios I, Vrabas IS. Oxygen delivery and muscle deoxygenation during continuous, long- and short-interval exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015;36:872–80. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1554634. PMID: 26140688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar