300
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

To intervene or not intervene: the role of moral disengagement, self-control, and empathy in bullying bystander intervention

&
Pages 201-218 | Received 18 Aug 2022, Accepted 22 Jun 2023, Published online: 28 Jul 2023

References

  • Bandura, A. 2002. “Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency.” Journal of Moral Education 31 (2): 101–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724022014322.
  • Bandura, A. 2016. Moral Disengagement: How People Do Harm and Live with Themselves. New York: Worth Publishers.
  • Bandura, A., C. Barbaranelli, G. V. Caprara, and C. Pastorelli. 1996. “Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71 (2): 364–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364.
  • Bauman, S., R. B. Toomey, and J. L. Walker. 2013. “Associations Among Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Suicide in High School Students.” Journal of Adolescence 36 (2): 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.001.
  • Bauman, S., J. Yoon, C. Iurino, and L. Hackett. 2020. “Experiences of Adolescent Witnesses to Peer Victimization: The Bystander Effect.” Journal of School Psychology 80:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.03.002.
  • Bellmore, A., T. L. Ma, J. I. You, and M. Hughes. 2012. “A Two-Method Investigation of Early adolescents’ Responses Upon Witnessing Peer Victimization in School.” Journal of Adolescence 35 (5): 1265–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.012.
  • Cappadocia, M. C., D. Pepler, J. G. Cummings, and W. Craig. 2012. “Individual Motivations and Characteristics Associated with Bystander Intervention During Bullying Episodes Among Children and Youth.” Canadian Journal of School Psychology 27 (3): 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573512450567.
  • Correia, I., and C. Dalbert. 2008. “School Bullying: Belief in a Personal Just World of Bullies, Victims, and Defenders.” European Psychologist 13 (4): 248. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.248.
  • Craig, W. M., and D. J. Pepler. 1998. “Observations of Bullying and Victimization in the School Yard.” Canadian Journal of School Psychology 13 (2): 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/082957359801300205.
  • Datta, P., D. Cornell, and F. Huang. 2016. “Aggressive Attitudes and Prevalence of Bullying Bystander Behavior in Middle School.” Psychology in the Schools 53 (8): 804–816. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21944.
  • Davis, M. H. 1983. “Measuring Individual Differences in Empathy: Evidence for a Multidimensional Approach.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44 (1): 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113.
  • Demaray, M. K., K. H. Summers, L. N. Jenkins, and L. D. Becker. 2016. “Bullying Participant Behaviors Questionnaire (BPBQ): Establishing a Reliable and Valid Measure.” Journal of School Violence 15 (2): 158–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.964801.
  • DeSmet, A., S. Bastiaensens, K. Van Cleemput, K. Poels, H. Vandebosch, G. Cardon, and I. De Bourdeaudhuij. 2016. “Deciding Whether to Look After Them, to Like It, or Leave It: A Multidimensional Analysis of Predictors of Positive and Negative Bystander Behavior in Cyberbullying Among Adolescents.” Computers in Human Behavior 57:398–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.051.
  • Doramajian, C., and W. M. Bukowski. 2015. “A Longitudinal Study of the Associations Between Moral Disengagement and Active Defending versus Passive Bystanding During Bullying Situations.” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 61 (1): 144–172. https://doi.org/10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.61.1.0144.
  • Erreygers, S., S. Pabian, H. Vandebosch, and E. Baillien. 2016. “Helping Behavior Among Adolescent Bystanders of Cyberbullying: The Role of Impulsivity.” Learning and Individual Differences 48:61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.03.003.
  • Fissel, E. R., B. S. Fisher, and J. L. Nedelec. 2021. “Cyberstalking Perpetration Among Young Adults: An Assessment of the Effects of Low Self-Control and Moral Disengagement.” Crime & Delinquency 67 (12): 1935–1961. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128721989079.
  • Gini, G., P. Albiero, B. Benelli, and G. Altoe. 2008. “Determinants of adolescents’ Active Defending and Passive Bystanding Behavior in Bullying.” Journal of Adolescence 31 (1): 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.05.002.
  • Gladden, R. M., A. M. Vivolo-Kantor, M. E. Hamburger, and C. D. Lumpkin. 2014. Bullying Surveillance Among Youths: Uniform Definitions for Public Health and Recommended Data Elements. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  • Gottfredson, M. R., and T. Hirschi. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford University Press.
  • Grasmick, H. G., C. R. Tittle, R. J. Bursik Jr, and B. J. Arneklev. 1993. “Testing the Core Empirical Implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30 (1): 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427893030001002.
  • Hawkins, D. L., D. J. Pepler, and W. M. Craig. 2001. “Naturalistic Observations of Peer Interventions in Bullying.” Social Development 10 (4): 512–527. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00178.
  • Hayes, B. E. 2019. “Bystander Intervention to Abusive Behavior on Social Networking Websites.” Violence Against Women 25 (4): 463–484. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218793221.
  • Hymel, S., N. Rocke-Henderson, and R. A. Bonanno. 2005. “Moral Disengagement: A Framework for Understanding Bullying Among Adolescents.” Journal of Social Sciences 8 (1): 1–11.
  • Irwin, V., K. Wang, J. Cui, J. Zhang, and A. Thompson. 2021. “Report on Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2020.” NCES 2021-092/NCJ 300772. National Center for Education Statistics.
  • Jenkins, L. N., M. K. Demaray, S. S. Fredrick, and K. H. Summers. 2016. “Associations Among Middle School students’ Bullying Roles and Social Skills.” Journal of School Violence 15 (3): 259–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.986675.
  • Kulig, T. C., T. C. Pratt, F. T. Cullen, C. Chouhy, and J. D. Unnever. 2017. “Explaining Bullying Victimization: Assessing the Generality of the Low Self-Control/risky Lifestyle Model.” Victims & Offenders 12 (6): 891–912. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2017.1307297.
  • Lambe, L. J., V. Della Cioppa, I. K. Hong, and W. M. Craig. 2019. “Standing Up to Bullying: A Social Ecological Review of Peer Defending in Offline and Online Contexts.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 45:51–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.05.007.
  • Lovett, B. J., and R. A. Sheffield. 2007. “Affective Empathy Deficits in Aggressive Children and Adolescents: A Critical Review.” Clinical Psychology Review 27 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.003.
  • Ma, T. L., D. J. Meter, W. T. Chen, and Y. Lee. 2019. “Defending Behavior of Peer Victimization in School and Cyber Context During Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-Analytic Review of Individual and Peer-Relational Characteristics.” Psychological Bulletin 145 (9): 891–928. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000205.
  • Moon, B., and L. F. Alarid. 2015. “School Bullying, Low Self-Control, and Opportunity.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 30 (5): 839–856. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514536281.
  • Moxey, N., and K. Bussey. 2020. “Styles of Bystander Intervention in Cyberbullying Incidents.” International Journal of Bullying Prevention 2 (1): 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-019-00039-1.
  • Nickerson, A. B., D. Mele, and D. Princiotta. 2008. “Attachment and Empathy as Predictors of Roles as Defenders or Outsiders in Bullying Interactions.” Journal of School Psychology 46 (6): 687–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2008.06.002.
  • Nickerson, A. B., and D. Mele-Taylor. 2014. “Empathetic Responsiveness, Group Norms, and Prosocial Affiliations in Bullying Roles.” School Psychology Quarterly 29 (1): 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000052.
  • Obermann, M. L. 2011. “Moral Disengagement in Self‐Reported and Peer‐Nominated School Bullying.” Aggressive Behavior 37 (2): 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20378.
  • Olweus, D. 1978. Aggression in the Schools: Bullies and Whipping Boys. Washington: Hemisphere (Wiley).
  • Olweus, D. 2013. “School Bullying: Development and Some Important challenges. Annual.” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 9 (1): 751–780. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185516.
  • Polanin, J. R., D. L. Espelage, T. D. Pigott, and J. Betts. 2012. “A Meta-Analysis of School-Based Bullying Prevention programs’ Effects on Bystander Intervention Behavior.” School Psychology Review 41 (1): 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2012.12087375.
  • Pronk, J., F. A. Goossens, T. Olthof, L. De Mey, and A. M. Willemen. 2013. “Children’s Intervention Strategies in Situations of Victimization by Bullying: Social Cognitions of Outsiders versus Defenders.” Journal of School Psychology 51 (6): 669–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2013.09.002.
  • Pronk, J., T. Olthof, F. A. Goossens, and L. Krabbendam. 2019. “Differences in adolescents’ Motivations for Indirect, Direct, and Hybrid Peer Defending.” Social Development 28 (2): 414–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12348.
  • Reijntjes, A., M. Vermande, T. Olthof, F. A. Goossens, L. Aleva, and M. van der Meulen. 2016. “Defending Victimized Peers: Opposing the Bully, Supporting the Victim, or Both?” Aggressive Behavior 42 (6): 585–597. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21653.
  • Runions, K. C., and M. Bak. 2015. “Online Moral Disengagement, Cyberbullying, and Cyber-Aggression.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 18 (7): 400–405. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0670.
  • Salmivalli, C. 2010. “Bullying and the Peer Group: A Review.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 15 (2): 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007.
  • Salmivalli, C., K. Lagerspetz, K. Björkqvist, K. Österman, and A. Kaukiainen. 1996. “Bullying as a Group Process: Participant Roles and Their Relations to Social Status within the Group.” Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression 22 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:1<1:AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-T.
  • Salmivalli, C., and M. Voeten. 2004. “Connections Between Attitudes, Group Norms, and Behaviour in Bullying Situations.” International Journal of Behavioral Development 28 (3): 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000488.
  • Schreck, C. J. 1999. “Criminal Victimization and Low Self-Control: An Extension and Test of a General Theory of Crime.” Justice Quarterly 16 (3): 633–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829900094291.
  • Song, J., and I. Oh. 2018. “Factors Influencing bystanders’ Behavioral Reactions in Cyberbullying Situations.” Computers in Human Behavior 78:273–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.008.
  • Thompson, A. J., and J. T. Pickett. 2020. “Are Relational Inferences from Crowdsourced and Opt-In Samples Generalizable? Comparing Criminal Justice Attitudes in the GSS and Five Online Samples.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 36 (4): 907–932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-019-09436-7.
  • Thornberg, R., and T. Jungert. 2013. “Bystander Behavior in Bullying Situations: Basic Moral Sensitivity, Moral Disengagement and Defender Self-Efficacy.” Journal of Adolescence 36 (3): 475–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.02.003.
  • Thornberg, R., L. Landgren, and E. Wiman. 2018. “‘It Depends’: A Qualitative Study on How Adolescent Students Explain Bystander Intervention and Non-Intervention in Bullying Situations.” School Psychology International 39 (4): 400–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034318779225.
  • Troop-Gordon, W., C. A. Frosch, C. M. W. Totura, A. N. Bailey, J. D. Jackson, and R. D. Dvorak. 2019. “Predicting the Development of Pro-Bullying Bystander Behavior: A Short-Term Longitudinal Analysis.” Journal of School Psychology 77:77–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2019.10.004.
  • Ttofi, M. M., D. P. Farrington, F. Lösel, and R. Loeber. 2011. “The Predictive Efficiency of School Bullying versus Later Offending: A Systematic/meta‐Analytic Review of Longitudinal Studies.” Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 21 (2): 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.808.
  • Twemlow, S. W., P. Fonagy, and F. C. Sacco. 2004. “The Role of the Bystander in the Social Architecture of Bullying and Violence in Schools and Communities.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1036 (1): 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1330.014.
  • Unnever, J. D., and D. G. Cornell. 2003. “The Culture of Bullying in Middle School.” Journal of School Violence 2 (2): 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1300/J202v02n02_02.
  • Van Cleemput, K., H. Vandebosch, and S. Pabian. 2014. “Personal Characteristics and Contextual Factors That Determine “Helping,” “Joining in,” and “Doing nothing” When Witnessing Cyberbullying.” Aggressive Behavior 40 (5): 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21534.
  • Waasdorp, T. E., and C. P. Bradshaw. 2011. “Examining Student Responses to Frequent Bullying: A Latent Class Approach.” Journal of Educational Psychology 103 (2): 336. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022747.
  • Waasdorp, T. E., C. P. Bradshaw, and E. Dowdy. 2018. “Examining Variation in Adolescent bystanders’ Responses to Bullying.” School Psychology Review 47 (1): 18–33. https://doi.org/10.17105/SPR-2017-0081.V47-1.
  • Zozula, C., B. J. Costello, and B. J. Anderson. 2021. “Self-Control, Opportunity, and College students’ Bystander Intervention in Sexually Coercive Situations.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36 (11–12): NP6144–NP6165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518808858.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.