Breast Cyst Fluid Plasmin Activity and Its Effect on TGF-β₂ Activation

REFERENCES

• Dixon J. M., Miller W. R., Scott W. N., Forrest A. P.M. The morphological basis of human breast cyst populations. Br. J. Surg. 1983; 70: 604–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon J. M., Lumsden A. B., Miller W. R. The relationship of cyst type to risk factors for breast cancer in patients with breast cystic disease. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 1985; 21: 1047–1050
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciatto S., Biggeri A., Del Turko M. R., Bartoli D., Lossa A. Risk of breast cancer subsequent to proven gross cystic breast disease. Eur. J. Cancer 1990; 26: 555–557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundred N. J., West R. R., Dowd J. O., Mansel R. E., Hughes L. E. Is there an increased risk in women who had a breast aspirated?. Brit. J. Cancer 1991; 64: 953–955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massague J., Cheifetz S., Laiho M., Ralph D. A., Weis F. M.B., Zentella A. Transforming growth factor β. Cancer Surv. 1992; 12: 81–103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shipley G. D, Tucker R. F., Moses H. L. Type beta transforming growth factor/growth inhibitor stimulates entry of monolayer cultures of AKR-2B cells into S phase after a prolonged prereplicative interval. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1985; 82: 4147–4151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyytiainen M., Penttinen C., Keski-Oja J. Latent TGF-β binding proteins: Extracellular matrix association and roles in TGF-β activation. Critical Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 2004; 41: 233–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa Y., Schmidt D. K., Dasch J. R., Chang R. J., Glaser C. B. Purification and characterization of transforming growth factor-beta 2.3 and -beta 1.2 heterodimers from bovine bone. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 2325–2328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koli K., Saharinen J., Hyytiainen M., Penttinen C., Keski-Oja J. Latency, activation and binding proteins of TGF-beta. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2001; 52: 354–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown P. D., Wakefield L. M., Levinson A. D., Sporn M. B. Physicochemical activation of recombinant latent transforming growth factor-beta's 1, 2 and 3. Growth Factors 1990; 3: 35–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai L. C., Ghatei M. A., Takahashi K., Patel K. V., Schrey M. P., Ghilchik M. W., Bloom S. R., James V. H.T. Mitogenic peptides in breast cyst fluid: relationship with intracystic electrolyte ratios. Int. J. Cancer 1990; 46: 1014–1016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boccardo F., Torrisi R., Zanardi S., Valenti G., Pensa F., De Franchis V., Barreca A., Ferrano P., Minutto F. EGF in breast cyst fluid: realationships with intracystic androgens, oestradiol and progesterone. Int. J. Cancer 1991; 47: 523–526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goustin A. S., Leof E. B., Shipley G. D., Moses H. L. Growth factors and cancer. Cancer Res. 1986; 46: 1015–1029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai L. C., Siraj A. K., Erbas H., Lennard T. W.J. Transforming growth factor alpha, beta 1 and beta 2 in breast cyst fluid. Anticancer Res. 1994; 14: 2805–2810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons R. M., Gentry L. E., Purchio A. F., Moses H. L. Mechanism of activation of latent recombinant transforming growth factor beta 1 by plasmin. J. Cell. Biol. 1990; 110: 1361–1367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taipale J., Saharinen J., Keski-Oja J. Extracellular matrix-associated transforming growth factor-beta: role in cancer cell growth and invasion. Adv. Cancer Res. 1998; 75: 87–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piek E., Heldin C. H., Ten Dijke P. Specificity, diversity, and regulation in TGF-beta superfamily signaling. FASEB J. 1999; 13: 2105–2124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence D. A. Identification and activation of latent transforming growth factor beta. Methods Enzymol. 1991; 198: 327–336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodorescu D., Bergsma D., Man M. S., Elshourbagy N., Sheehan C., Rieman D., Kerbel R. S. Cloning and overexpression of TGF-beta 1 cDNA in a mammary adenocarcinoma: in vitro and in vivo effects. Growth Factors 1991; 5: 305–316
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gleizes P. E., Munger J. S., Nunes I., Harpel J. G., Mazzieri R., Noguera I., Rifkin D. B. TGF-beta latency: biological significance and mechanisms of activation. Stem Cells 1997; 15: 190–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence D. A., Pircher R, Kryceve-Martinerie C., Jullien P. Normal embryo fibroblasts release transforming growth factors in a latent form. J. Cell Physiol. 1984; 121: 184–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe M., Oda N., Sato Y. Cell-associated activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta by calpain. J. Cell Physiol. 1998; 174: 186–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horimoto M., Kato J., Takimoto R., Terui T., Mogi Y., Niitsu Y. Identification of a transforming growth factor beta-1 activator derived from a human gastric cancer cell line. Br. J. Cancer 1995; 72: 676–682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazono K., Heldin C. H. Role for carbohydrate structures in TGF-beta 1 latency. Nature 1989; 338: 158–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munger J. S., Huang X., Kawakatsu H., Griffiths M. J., Dalton S. L., Wu J., Pittet J. F., Kaminski N., Garat C., Matthay M. A., Rifkin D. B., Sheppard D. The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Cell 1999; 96: 319–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz-Cherry S., Murphy-Ullrich J. E. Thrombospondin causes activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta secreted by endothelial cells by a novel mechanism. J. Cell Biol. 1993; 122: 923–932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taipale J., Miyazono K., Heldin C. H., Keski-Oja J. Latent transforming growth factor-beta 1 associates to fibroblast extracellular matrix via latent TGF-beta binding protein. J. Cell Biol. 1994; 124: 171–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annes J. P., Munger J. S., Rifkin D. B. Making sense of latent TGF beta activation. J. Cell Sci. 2003; 116: 217–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons R. M., Keski-Oja J., Moses H L. Proteolytic activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta from fibroblast-conditioned medium. J. Cell Biol. 1988; 106: 1659–1665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato Y., Rifkin D. B. Inhibition of endothelial cell movement by pericytes and smooth muscle cells: activation of a latent transforming growth factor-beta 1-like molecule by plasmin during co-culture. J. Cell Biol. 1989; 109: 309–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keski-Oja J., Blasi F., Leof E. B., Moses H. L. Regulation of the synthesis and activity of urokinase plasminogen activator in A549 human lung carcinoma cells by transforming growth factor-beta. J. Cell Biol. 1988; 106: 451–459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis P. A., Rifkin D. B. Cellular activation of latent transforming growth factor beta requires binding to the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor type II receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 580–584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godar S., Horejsi V., Weidle U. H., Binder B. R., Hansmann C., Stockinger H. M6P/IGFII-receptor complexes urokinase receptor and plasminogen for activation of transforming growth factor-beta1. Eur. J. Immunol. 1999; 29: 1004–1013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matrat M., Lardot C., Huaux F., Broeckaert F., Lison D. Role of urokinase in the activation of macrophage-associated TGF-beta in silica-induced lung fibrosis. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 1998; 55: 359–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford S. E., Stellmach V., Murphy-Ullrich J. E., Ribeiro S. M., Lawler J., Hynes R. O., Boivin G. P., Bouck N. Thrombospondin-1 is a major activator of TGF-beta1 in vivo. Cell 1998; 93: 1159–1170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein P. Diversity of function is inherent in matricellular proteins: an appraisal of thrombospondin 1. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 130: 503–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolsma S. S., Volpert O. V., Good D. J., Frazier W. A., Polverini P. J., Bouck N. Peptides derived from two separate domains of the matrix protein thrombospondin-1 have anti-angiogenic activity. J. Cell Biol. 1993; 122: 497–511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehualaeshet T., O'Connor R., Green-Johnson J., Mai S., Silverstein R., Murphy-Ullrich J. E., Khalil N. Activation of rat alveolar macrophage-derived latent transforming growth factor beta-1 by plasmin requires interaction with thrombospondin-1 and its cell surface receptor, CD36. Am. J. Pathol. 1999; 155: 841–851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller W. R., Dawes J. Platelet-associated proteins in human breast cyst fluids. Clin. Chim. Acta. 1985; 152: 37–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden K., Tetlow L., Byrne G., Bundred N. Radioimmunoassay for the measurement of thrombospondin in plasma and breast cyst fluid: validation and clinical application. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 2000; 37: 319–325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Q., Stamenkovic I. Cell surface-localized matrix metalloproteinase-9 proteolytically activates TGF-beta and promotes tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Genes Dev. 2000; 14: 163–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin B. J., Huttenlocher A. Calpain. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2002; 34: 722–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai L. C., Cornell C., Lennard T. W. Relationships between oestrogen-inducible proteins, oestradiol and electrolyte ratio in breast cyst fluid. Cancer Lett. 1993; 69: 21–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai L. C., Erbas H., Lennard T. W., Peaston R. T. Prostate-specific antigen in breast cyst fluid: possible role of prostate-specific antigen in hormone-dependent breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 1996; 66: 743–746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar