Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Biotechnology

REFERENCES

• Abbadi A., Domergue F., Bauer J., Napier J. A., Welti R., Zahringer U., Cirpus P., Heinz E. Biosynthesis of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic oilseeds: Constraints on their accumulation. Plant Cell 2004; 6(10)2734–2748, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Agaba M., Tocher D. R., Dickson C. A., Dick, Jr., Teale A. J. Zebra fish cDNA Encoding multifunctional fatty acid elongase involved in production of eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids. Mar. Biotechnol. 2004; 65: 42–47, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Aki T., Shimada Y., Inagaki K., Higashimoto H., Kawamoto S. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of rat delta-6 fatty acid desaturase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 1999; 255: 575–579, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert D. H., Rhamy R. K., Coniglio J. G. Desaturation of eicosa-11, 14-dienoic acid in human testes. Lipids 1979; 14: 498–500, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Arondel V., Lemieux B., Hwang I., Gibson S., Goodman H. M., Somerville C. R. Map-based cloning of a gene controlling omega-3 fatty acid desaturation in Arabidopsis. Science 1992; 258: 1353–1355, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baoxiu Qi, Tom F., Sam M., Gary D., Justine B., Napier J. A., Keith S., Colin M. L. Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants. Nature Biotech. 2004; 22: 739–745, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Bardon S., Le M. T., Alessandri J. M. Metabolic conversion and growth effects of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the T47D breast cancer cell line. Cancer Lett. 1996; 99: 51–58, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Beaudoin F., Michaelson L. V., Hey S. J., Lewis M. J., Shewry P. R., Sayanova O., Napier J. A. Heterologous reconstitution in yeast of the polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000; 97: 6421–6426, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgeson C. E., Renobales M., Blomquist G. J. Characterization of the delta 12 desaturase in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana: the nature of the substrate. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990; 1047(2)135–140, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Bourlaye F., Scott D., Sylvie C. Cloning of fatty acid biosynthetic genes β -ketoacyl CoA synthase, fatty acid elongase, stearoyl-ACP desaturase, and fatty acid desaturase and analysis of expression in the early developmental stages of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seeds. Plant Sci. 2004; 166(6)1487–1496, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Cho H. P., Nakamura M. T., Clarke S. D. Cloning, expression, and nutritional regulation of the mammalian delta-6 desaturase. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 471–477, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho H. P., Nakamura M., Clarke S. D. Cloning, expression, and fatty acid regulation of the human delta-5 desaturase. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 37335–37339, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook D., Grierson D., Jones C., Wallace A., West G., Tucker G. Modification of fatty acid composition in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) by expression of a borage delta 6-desaturase. Mol Biotechnol. 2002; 21(2)123–128, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Covello P. S., Reed D. W. Functional expression of the extraplastidial Arabidopsis thaliana oleate desaturase gene (FAD2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Plant Physiol. 1996; 111(1)223–226, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Crawford M. A., Costeloe K., Ghebremeskel K., Phylactos A., Skirvin L., Stacey F. Are deficits of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids responsible for the neural and vascular complications of preterm babies?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997; 66: 1032–1041, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cripps C., Borgeson C., Blomquist G. J., Renobales M. The delta 12-desaturase from the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): characterization and form of the substrate. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1990; 278(1)46–51, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Fehling E., Mukherjee K. D. Acyl-CoA elongase from a higher plant (Lunaria annua): metabolic intermediates of very long- chain acyl-CoA products and substrate specificity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1991; 1082: 239–246, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Fukuchi-Mizutani M., Savin K., Cornish E., Tanaka Y., Ashikari T., Kusumi T., Murata N. Senescence-induced expression of a homologue of delta 9 desaturase in rose petals. Plant Mol. Biol. 1995; 29(4)627–635, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Fukuchi-Mizutani M., Tasaka Y., Tanaka Y., Ashikari T., Kusumi T., Murata N. Characterization of delta 9 acyl-lipid desaturase homologues from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 1998; 39(2)247–253, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Maroto F., Garrido-Cardenas J. A., Rodriguez-Ruiz J., Vilches-Ferron M., Adam A. C., Polaina J., Alonso D. L. Cloning and molecular characterization of the delta6-desaturase from two echium plant species: production of GLA by heterologous expression in yeast and tobacco. Lipids 2002; 37(4)417–426, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Gennity J. M., Stumpf P. K. Studies of the delta 12 desaturase of Carthamus tinctorius L. Arch Biochem. Biophys. 1985; 239(2)444–454, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Girke T., Schmidt H., Zahringer U., Reski R., Heinz E. Identification of a novel delta 6 acyl-group desaturase by targeted gene disruption in Physcomitrella patens. Plant J. 1998; 15: 39–48, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Giusto N. M., Pasquare S. J., Salvador G. A., Castagnet P. I., Roque M. E., Ilincheta de Boschero M. G. Lipid metabolism in vertebrate retinal rod outer segments. Prog. Lipid Res. 2000; 39: 315–391, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths G., Stobart A. K., Stymne S. Delta 6- and delta 12-desaturase activities and phosphatidic acid formation in microsomal preparations from the developing cotyledons of common borage (Borago officinalis). Biochem J. 1988; 252(3)641–647, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Hastings N., Agaba M., Tocher D. R., Leaver M. J., Dick J. R. A vertebrate fatty acid desaturase with delta 5 and delta 6 activities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2001; 98: 14304–14309, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez M. L., Mancha M., Martinez-Rivas J. M. Molecular cloning and characterization of genes encoding two microsomal oleate desaturases (FAD2) from olive. Phytochem 2005; 66(12)1417–1426, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Hong H., Datla N., MacKenzie S. L., Qiu X. Isolation and characterization of a delta 5 FA desaturase from Pythium irregulare by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and oilseed crops. Lipids 2002; 37(9)863–868, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Hong H., Datla N., Reed D. W., Covello P. S., MacKenzie S. L., Qiu X. High-level production of gamma-linolenic acid in Brassica juncea using a delta 6 desaturase from Pythium irregulare. Plant Physiol. 2002; 129(1)354–362, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Hornung E., Pernstich C., Feussner I. Formation of conjugated Delta11 Delta13-double bonds by Delta12-linoleic acid (1,4)-acyl-lipid-desaturase in pomegranate seeds. Eur. J. Biochem. 2002; 269(19)4852–4859, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Huang Y. S., Mukerji P., Das T., Knutzon D. S. Transgenic production of long-chain olyunsaturated fatty acids. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 2001; 88: 243–248, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Iba K., Gibson S., Nishiuchi T., Fuse T., Nishimura M., Arondel V., Hugly S., Somerville C. R. A gene encoding a chloroplast omega-3 fatty acid desaturase complements alterations in fatty acid desaturation and chloroplast copy number of the fad 7 mutant of Arubidopsis tkaliana. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 24099–24105, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Irma L. P., Wisatre K., Mongkol N., John E. K., Kent D. C., Robert M. P. Molecular cloning and functional expression of the gene for a cotton Delta-12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD2). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Gene Structure and Expression 2001; 1, 522(2)122–129, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Jones A. L., Hann A C., Harwood J. L., Lloyd D. Temperature-induced membrane-lipid adaptation in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Biochem J. 1993; 290: 273–278, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajikawa M., Yamato K. T., Kohzu Y., Nojiri M., Sakuradani E., Shimizu S., Sakai Y., Fukuzawa H., Ohyama K. Isolation and characterization of delta (6)-desaturase, an ELO-like enzyme and delta (5)-desaturase from the liverwort Marchantia Polymorpha and production of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Plant Mol. Biol. 2004; 54(3)335–352, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajikawa M., Yamato K. T., Sakai Y., Fukuzawa H., Ohyama K. Isolation and functional characterization of fatty acid delta5-elongase gene from the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. FEBS lett. 2006; 580(1)149–154, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Kirsch C., Hahlbrock K., Somssich I. E. Rapid and transient induction of a parsley microsomal delta 12 fatty acid desaturase mRNA by fungal elicitor. Plant Physiol. 1997; 115(1)283–289, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Kohlwein S. D., Eder S., Oh C. S., Martin C. E., Gable K., Bacikova D., Dunn T. Tsc13p is required for fatty acid elongation and localizes to a novel structure at the nuclear-vacuolar interface in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell Biol. 2001; 21: 109–125, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurdrid P., Subudhi S., Hongsthong A., Ruegjitchatchawalya M. Tanticharoen, M. Functional expression of Spirulina-delta6 desaturase gene in yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2005; 32(4)215–226, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Leonard A. E., Kelder B., Bobik E. G., Chuang L. T., Lewis C. J., Kopchick J. J., Mukerji P., Huang Y. S. Identification and expression of mammalian long-chain PUFA elongation enzymes. Lipids 2002; 37: 733–740, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu W., Ma P. W., Marsella-Herrick P., Rosenfield C. L., Knipple D. C., Roelofs W. Cloning and functional expression of a cDNA encoding a metabolic acyl-CoA delta 9-desaturase of the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1999; 29(5)435–443, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Lomascolo A., Dubreucq E., Galzy P. Study of the delta 12-desaturase system of Lipomyces starkeyi. Lipids 1996; 31(3)253–259, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Martinetz M. Tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids during early human development. J. Pediatr. 1992; 120: S129–S138, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Meyer A., Cirpus P., Ott C., Schlecker R., Zahringer U., Heinz E. Biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid in Euglena gracilis: biochemical and molecular evidence for the involvement of a Delta4-fatty acyl group desaturase. Biochem. 2003; 42(32)9779–9788, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Millar A. A., Kunst L. Very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis is controlled through the expression and specificity of the condensing enzyme. Plant J. 1997; 12: 121–131, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon H., Hazebroek J., Hildebrand D. F. Changes in fatty acid composition in plant tissues expressing a mammalian delta9 desaturase. Lipids 2000; 35(5)471–479, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Mziaut H., Korza G., Benraiss A., Ozols J. Selective mutagenesis of lysyl residues leads to a stable and active form of delta 9 stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2002; 1583(1)45–52, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Nakashima S., Zhao Y., Nozawa Y. Molecular cloning of delta 9 fatty acid desaturase from the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila and its mRNA expression during thermal membrane adaptation. Biochem J. 1996; 317: 29–34, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Napier J. A., Hey S. J., Lacey D. J., Shewry P. R. Identification of a Caenorhabditis elegans delta-6-fattyacid-desaturase by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem. J. 1998; 330: 611–614, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Napier J. A., Michaelson L. V., Sayanova O. The role of cytochrome b5 fusion desaturases in the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2003; 68: 135–143, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Na-Ranong S., Laoteng K., Kittakoop P., Tantichareon M., Cheevadhanarak S. Substrate specificity and preference of Delta 6-desaturase of Mucor rouxii. FEBS Lett. 2005; 579(12)2744–2748, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh C. S., Toke D. A., Mandala S., Martin C. E. ELO2 and ELO3, homologues of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ELO1 gene, function in fatty acid elongation and are required for sphingolipid formation. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 17376–17384, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuley J., Lightner J., Feldmann K., Yadav N., Lark E., Browse J. Arabidopsis FAD gene encodes the enzyme that is essential for polyunsaturated lipid synthesis. Plant cell 1994; 6: 147–158, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parker-Barnes J. F., Das T., Bobik E., Leonard A. E., Thurmond J. M., Chaung L. T., Huang Y. S., Mukerji P. Identification and characterization of an enzyme involved in the elongation of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000; 97: 8284–8289, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira S. L., Leonard A. E., Huang Y. S., Chuang L. T., Mukerji P. Identification of two novel microalgal enzymes involved in the conversion of the omega3-fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, into docosahexaenoic acid. Biochem J. 2004; 384: 357–366, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi B., Beaudoin F., Fraser T., Stobart A. K., Napier J. A., Lazarus C. M. Identification of a cDNA encoding a novel C18-Delta(9) polyunsaturated fatty acid-specific elongating activity from the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-producing microalga, Isochrysis galbana. FEBS Lett. 2002; 510(3)159–165, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi B., Fraser T., Mugford S., Dobson G., Sayanova O., Butler J., Napier J. A., Stobart A. K., Lazarus C. M. Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants. Nat. Biotechnol. 2004; 22(6)739–745, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu X. Biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6-4, 7,10,13,16,19): two distinct pathways. Prostaglandins. Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2003; 68(2)181–186, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Qiu X., Hong H., MacKenzie S. Identification of a delta-4 Fatty Acid Desaturase from Thraustochytrium sp. involved in the biosynthesis of docosahexanoic acid by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Brassica juncea. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 273(34)31561–31566, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Qiu X., Hong H., MacKenzie S. L. Identification of a delta 4 fatty acid desaturase from Thraustochytrium sp. involved in the biosynthesis of docosahexanoic acid by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Brassica juncea. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276: 31561–31566, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy A. S., Nuccio M. L., Gross L. M., Thomas T. L. Isolation of a delta 6-desaturase gene from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 by gain-of-function expression in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. Plant Mol. Biol. 1993; 27: 293–300, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Reddy A. S., Thomas T. L. Expression of a cyanobacterial delta 6-desaturase gene results in gamma-linolenic acid production in transgenic plants. Nat. Biotechnol. 1996; 14(5)639–642, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Sakai H., Kajiwara S. Cloning and functional characterization of a Delta12 fatty acid desaturase gene from the basidiomycete Lentinula edodes. Mol. Genet Genomics 2005; 273(4)336–341, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Sakamoto T., Wada H., Nishida I., Ohmori M., Murata N. Delta 9 acyl-lipid desaturases of cyanobacteria. Molecular cloning and substrate specificities in terms of fatty acids, sn-positions, and polar head groups. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269(41)25576–25580, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Sakamoto T., Wada H., Nishida I., Ohmori M., Murata N. Identification of conserved domains in the delta 12 desaturases of cyanobacteria. Plant Mol Biol. 1994; 24(4)643–650, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Sakuradani E., Kobayashi M., Shimizu S. Delta 6 desaturase from arachidonic acid producing Mortierella: gene cloning and its heterologous expression in a fungus. Aspergillus. Gene 1999; 238: 445–453, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayanova O., Shewry P. R., Napier J. A. Histidine-41 of the cytochrome b5 domain of the borage delta 6 fatty acid desaturase is essential for enzyme activity. Plant Physiol. 1999; 121: 641–646, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Sayanova O., Smith M. A., Lapinskas P., Stobart A. K., Dobson G. Expression of a borage desaturase cDNA containing an N-terminal cytochrome b5 domain results in the accumulation of high levels of delta 6-desaturated fatty acids in transgenic tobacco. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997; 94: 4211–4216, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayanova O. V., Napier J. A. Eicosapentaenoic acid: biosynthetic routes and the potential for synthesis in transgenic plants. Phytochem. 2004; 65: 147–158, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanklin J., Whittle E., Fox B. G. Eight histidine residues are catalytically essential in a membrane-associated iron enzyme, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and are conserved in alkane hydroxylase and xylene monoxygenase. Biochem. 1994; 33: 12787–12794, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simopoulos A. P. Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999; 70(3)560–569, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somerville C., Browse J., Jaworski J. G., Ohlrogge J. B. Lipids. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, B. B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem, R. L. Jones. IK International, New Delhi 2000; 465
   Google Scholar
• Sperling P., Ternes P., Zank T. K., Heinz E. The evolution of desaturases. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 2003; 68: 73–95, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Spychalla J. P., Kinney A. K., Browse J. Identification of an animal o-3 fatty acid desaturase by heterologous expression in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997; 94: 1142–1147, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stukey J. C., MacDonough V. M., Martin C. E. The OLE1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes the delta 9 fatty acid desaturase and can be functionally replaced by rat stearyl-CoA fatty acid desaturase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 1990; 265: 20144–20149, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stukey J. E., McDonough V. M., Martin C. E. Isolation and characterization of OLE1, a gene affecting fatty acid desaturation from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 16537–16544, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stymne S., Stobart A. K. Biosynthesis of gamma-linolenic acid in cotyledons and microsomal preparations of the developing seeds of common borage (Borago officinalis). Biochem. J. 1986; 240: 385–393, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Tang G. Q., Novitzky W. P., Carol Griffin H., Huber S. C., Dewey R. E. Oleate desaturase enzymes of soybean: evidence of regulation through differential stability and phosphorylation. Plant J. 2005; 44(3)433–446, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Thiede M. A., Strittmatter P. The induction and characterization of rat liver stearyl-CoA desaturase mRNA. J. Biol. Chem. 1985; 260: 14459–14463, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Thiede M. A., Ozols J., Strittmatter P. Construction and sequence of cDNA for rat liver stearyl coenzyme A desaturase. J. Biol. Chem. 1986; 261: 13230–13235, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tocher D. R., Leaver M. J., Hodgson P. A. Recent advances in the biochemistry and molecular biology of fatty acyl desaturases. Prog. Lipid Res. 1998; 37: 73–117, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toke D. A., Martin C. E. Isolation and characterization of a gene affecting fatty acid elongation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 18413–18422, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tonon T., Harvey D., Larson T. R., Graham I. A. Identification of a very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid Delta4-desaturase from the microalga Pavlova lutheri. FEBS Lett. 2003; 553(3)440–444, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Van de Loo F. J., Somerville C. R. Plastid 0-3 fatty acid desaturase cDNA from Ricinus communis. Plant Physiol. 1994; 105: 443–444, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Wallis J. G., Browse J. The delta 8-desaturase of Euglena gracilis: an alternate pathway for synthesis of 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1999; 365: 307–316, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts J. L., Browse J. Isolation and characterization of a delta 5-fatty acid desaturase from Caenorhabditis elegans. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1999; 362: 175–182, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Watts J. L., Browse J. A palmitoyl-CoA-specific delta9 fatty acid desaturase from Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000; 272(1)263–9, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Whittle E., Shanklin J. Engineering delta 9-16:0-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturase specificity based on combinatorial saturation mutagenesis and logical redesign of the castor delta 9–18:0-ACP desaturase. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276(24)21500–21505, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Wicker-Thomas C., Henriet C., Dallerac R. Partial characterization of a fatty acid desaturase gene in Drosophila melanogaster. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1997; 27(11)963–972, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Yadav N. S., Wierzbicki A., Aegerter M., Caster C. S., Perez-Girau L., Kinney A. J., Hitz W. D., Booth J. R., Jr., Schweiger B., Stecca K. L., Allen S. M., Blackwell M., Reiter R. S., Carlson T. J., Russell S. H., Feldmann K. A., Pierce J., Browse J. Cloning of higher plant 0-3 fatty acid desaturases. Plant Physiol. 1993; 103: 467–476, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zank T. K., Zahringer U., Beckmann C., Pohnert G., Boland W., Holtorf H., Reski R., Lerchl J., Heinz E. Cloning and functional characterisation of an enzyme involved in the elongation of Delta 6-polyunsaturated fatty acids from the moss Physcomitrella patens. Plant J. 2002; 31(3)255–268, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Q., Li M., Ma H., Sun Y., Xing L. Identification and characterization of a novel Delta 6-fatty acid desaturase gene from Rhizopus arrhizus. FEBS Lett. 2004; 556(1-3)81–85, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Zhu M., Liu Z., Yu L. J., Zhu L., Cheng H. Isolation and functional identification of delta 5 desaturase gene from Mortierella alpina. Ye chuan Xue Bao 2005; 32(9)986–992, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Zolfaghari R., Cifelli C. J., Banta M. D., Ross A. C. Fatty acid delta (5)-desaturase mRNA is regulated by dietary vitamin A and exogenous retinoic acid in liver of adult rats. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2001; 391: 8–15, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar