Access to COVID-19 vaccination for transgender community in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan

References

• Afsheen, S., & Ahmed, S. (2021). Role of Tik Tok in social acceptability and improved Socio-Economic Status (SES) of transgender and trans-sexual in Pakistan. Journal of Media Studies, 36(1), 151–162.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, Z. (2011). Sexual practices of transgender community in Pakistan. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 87(Suppl 1), A68–A69. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050109.102
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, A., Hashmi, F. K., & Khan, G. M. (2019). HIV outbreaks in Pakistan. The Lancet. HIV, 6(7), e418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30179-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmed, U., Yasin, G., & Umair, A. (2014). Factors afecting the social exclusion of Eunuchs (Hijras) in Pakistan. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(23), 2277.
   Google Scholar
• Akhtar, H., Badshah, Y., Akhtar, S., Kanwal, N., Akhtar, M. N., Zaidi, N. U. S. S., & Qadri, I. (2012). Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among transgender men in Rawalpindi (Pakistan)). Virology Journal, 9(1), 229. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-9-229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akhtar, M., & Bilour, N. (2020). State of mental health among transgender individuals in Pakistan: Psychological resilience and self-esteem. Community Mental Health Journal, 56(4), 626–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00522-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Article 14 mentions: “Inviolability of dignity of man: The dignity of man and, subject to law, the privacy of home, shall be inviolable,” Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
   Google Scholar
• Article 9 of the Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of life or liberty save in accordance with law. The word “life” is very significant as it covers all facts of human existence. The word “life” has not been defined in the Constitution, but it does not mean nor can be restricted only to the vegetative or animal life or mere existence from conception to death. Life includes all such amenities and facilities which a person born in a free country is entitled to enjoy with dignity, legally and constitutionally. A person is entitled to protection of law from being exposed to hazards of electromagnetic fields or any other such hazards which may be due to installation and construction of any grid station, any factory, power station or such like installations. Under the common law a person whose right of easement, property or health is adversely affected by any act of omission or commission of a third person in the neighbourhood or at a far-off place, he is entitled to seek an injunction and claim damages, but the Constitutional rights are higher than the legal rights conferred by law be it municipal law or the common law. Such a danger as depicted, the possibility of which cannot be excluded, is bound to affect a large number of people who may suffer from it unknowingly because of lack of awareness, information and education and also because such sufferance is silent and fatal and most of the people who would be residing near, under or at a dangers distance of the grid station or such installation do not know that they are facing any risk or are likely to suffer by such risk. Therefore, Article 184 can be invoked because many citizens throughout the country cannot make such representation and may not like to make it due to ignorance, poverty and disability. Only some conscientious citizens aware of their rights and the possibility of danger come forward
   Google Scholar
• Asghar Laghari versus Federation of Pakistan. (2018). CLD 424.
   Google Scholar
• Atif, M., & Malik, I. (2020). Why is Pakistan vulnerable to COVID-19 associated morbidity and mortality? A scoping review. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 35(5), 1041–1054. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awan, S., Zia, N., Sharif, F., Shah, S. A., & Jamil, B. (2020). Types and risk factors of violence experienced by people living with HIV, Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue de Sante de la Mediterranee Orientale = al-Majallah al-Sihhiyah li-Sharq al-Mutawassit, 26(10), 1200–1209. https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.20.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bari, B. (2020, September 4). Coronavirus makes life more difficult for Pakistan’s transgender community. https://www.dw.com/en/pakistan-transgender-coronavirus/a-54817362
   Google Scholar
• Brown, L. S., & Pantalone, D. (2011). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender issues in trauma psychology: A topic comes out of the closet. Traumatology, 17(2), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765611417763
   Google Scholar
• Budge, S. L. (2020). Suicide and the transgender experience: A public health crisis. The American Psychologist, 75(3), 380–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnes, T. R., & Chen, M. (2012). Multiple identities of transgender individuals: Incorporating a framework of intersectionality to gender crossing. In R. Josselson & M. Harway (Eds.), Navigating multiple identities: Race, gender, culture, nationality and roles (pp. 113–127). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• CESCR. (2000, August 11). UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12 of the Covenant), E/C.12/2000/4.
   Google Scholar
• Census (2017). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017. accessed 31 January 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Clements-Nolle, K., Marx, R., & Katz, M. (2006). Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(3), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v51n03_04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farah, N., Afzal, S., Khan, I. A., Naeem, S., & Luqman, M. (2021). Trans gender’s inclusion in mainstream Pakistani society with reference to their inclination towards a respectable livelihood. Journal of ISOSS, 7(1), 61–75.
   Google Scholar
• Farhat, S. N., Abdullah, M. D., Hali, S. M., & Iftikhar, H. (2020). Transgender law in Pakistan: Some key issues. Policy Perspectives, 17(1), 7–33. https://doi.org/10.13169/polipers.17.1.0007
   Google Scholar
• Fazi, M. A., & Bibi, M. (2020). Discrepancies in transgender persons (protection of rights) act, 2018: A comparative study of transgender’s rights in Pakistan and India. International Journal of Law and Management, 347–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehrenbacher, A. E., Musto, J., Hoefinger, H., Mai, N., Macioti, P. G., Giametta, C., & Bennachie, C. (2020). Transgender people and human trafficking: Intersectional exclusion of transgender migrants and people of color from anti-trafficking protection in the United States. Journal of Human Trafficking, 6(2), 182–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2020.1690116
   Google Scholar
• Forni, G., & Mantovani, A. (2021). COVID-19 vaccines: Where we stand and challenges ahead. Cell Death and Differentiation, 28(2), 626–639. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-020-00720-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg, I., Hanif, H., Javed, N., Abbas, R., Mirza, S., Javaid, M. A., Pal, S., Shekhar, R., & Sheikh, A. B. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the LGBTQ + population: A systematic review. Infectious Disease Reports, 13(4), 872–887. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr13040079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gichki, M. (2020). Deconstructing transgender identities in Pakistan, India, and Iran in colonial and post-colonial context. Development, 63(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41301-020-00243-3
   Google Scholar
• Islam, S. (2020). The transgender community and the right to equality in Pakistan: Review of the Transgender Persons Act 2018. LUMS Law Journal, 7, 208.
   Google Scholar
• Jami, H., & Kamal, A. (2015). Measuring attitudes toward Hijras in Pakistan: Gender and religiosity in perspective. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 30(1), 151–181.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, H., Restar, A., Biello, K., Kuhns, L., Reisner, S., Garofalo, R., Mimiaga, M. J., et.al. (2019). Burden of HIV among young transgender women: Factors associated with HIV infection and HIV treatment engagement. AIDS Care, 31(1), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1539213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya, S., Khan, M. D., & Mujtaba, A. (2021). A review of legal impacts of COVID-19 studies: Trends and future challenges. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 15(8), 511–520.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M. D. (2021). Toward creating equity in access to COVID-19 vaccination for female population in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Health Care for Women International, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2021.1988952
   Google Scholar
• Manzoor, I., Khan, Z. H., Tariq, R., & Shahzad, R. (2021). Health problems & barriers to healthcare services for the transgender community in Lahore, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 38(1), 138–144. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.1.4375
   Google Scholar
• Messer GETZ Pharma versus Federation of Pakistan PLD. (2017). Sindh 15.
   Google Scholar
• Ming, L. C., Hadi, M. A., & Khan, T. M. (2016). Transgender health in India and Pakistan. The Lancet, 388(10060), 2601–2602. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32222-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miss Shehla Zia and others vs. WAPDA [1994] PLDSupreme Court 693.
   Google Scholar
• Nazir, N., & Yasir, A. (2016). Education, employability and shift of occupation of transgender in Pakistan: A case study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Dialogue (Pakistan), 11(2), 158–176.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, M., Ahmed, R., Moitra, M., Damschroder, L., Brownson, R., Chorpita, B., Idele, P., Gohar, F., Huang, K. Y., Saxena, S., Lai, J., Peterson, S. S., Harper, G., McKay, M., Amugune, B., Esho, T., Ronen, K., Othieno, C., & Kumar, M. (2021). Mental distress and human rights violations during COVID-19: A rapid review of the evidence informing rights, mental health needs, and public policy around vulnerable populations. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.603875
   Google Scholar
• Redding, J. A. (2019). The Pakistan Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act of 2018 and its impact on the law of gender in Pakistan. Australian Journal of Asian Law, 20(1), 103–113.
   Google Scholar
• Safer, J. D., Coleman, E., Feldman, J., Garofalo, R., Hembree, W., Radix, A., & Sevelius, J. (2016). Barriers to healthcare for transgender individuals. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity, 23(2), 168–171. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekalala, S., Perehudoff, K., Parker, M., Forman, L., Rawson, B., & Smith, M. (2021). An intersectional human rights approach to prioritising access to COVID-19 vaccines. BMJ Global Health, 6(2), e004462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultana, A., & Kalyani, M. (2012). Femaling males: Anthropological analysis of the transgender community in Pakistan. The Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 20(1), 93–108.
   Google Scholar
• The State Vs. District Administration, Crl. Misc. No.214/2020.
   Google Scholar
• Thyer, B. A. (2021). Transgender theory for contemporary social work practice: A question of values and ethics. It Helped, the Mindfulness,… so Let Me Help”: High School Students Developing Social Work Values, 18(1), 72.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP (Pakistan). (2020, December 18). COVID-19 and disaster vulnerability in Pakistan: A human rights based analysis. https://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home/library/democratic_governance/covid-19-and-disaster-vulnerability-in-pakistan–a-human-rights-.html
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, R., & Einstein, G. (2020). Transgender embodiment: A feminist, situated neuroscience perspective. INSEP–Journal of the International Network for Sexual Ethics and Politics, 8(SI), 9–10.
   Google Scholar
• Wazir, M. A., & Goujon, A. (2019). Assessing the 2017 census of Pakistan using demographic analysis: A sub-national perspective. Vienna Institute of Demography Working Papers.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021, May 3). Expanding research: Addressing gender barrier in COVID-19 vaccine. Retrieved July 9, 2021, from https://www.who.int/news/item/03-05-2021-expanding-reach-addressing-gender-barriers-in-covid-19-vaccine-rollout
   Google Scholar