A Network of (Autonomic) Clock Outputs

References

• Abrahamson E. E., Leak R. K., Moore R. Y. The suprachiasmatic nucleus projects to posterior hypothalamic arousal systems. Neuroreport 2001; 12: 435–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buijs R. M., Markman M., Nunes‐Cardoso B., Hou Y.‐X., Shinn S. Projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to stress‐related areas in the rat hypothalamus: A light and electron microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 1993; 335: 42–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buijs R. M., Wortel J., Van Heerikhuize J. J., Feenstra M. G.P., Ter Horst G. J., Romijn H. J., Kalsbeek A. Anatomical and functional demonstration of a multisynaptic suprachiasmatic nucleus adrenal (cortex) pathway. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1999; 11: 1535–1544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burlet A., Marchetti J. La vasopressine immunoréactive du noyau supra‐hiasmatique. Observations préliminaires chez le rat. Compt. Rendus Seances Soc. Biol. 1975; 169: 148–151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng M. Y., Bullock C. M., Li C., Lee A. G., Bermak J. C., Belluzzi J., Weaver D. R., Leslie F. M., Zhou Q. Y. Prokineticin 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nature 2002; 417: 405–410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai J. P., Swaab D. F., Buijs R. M. Distribution of vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) fibers in the human hypothalamus with special emphasis on suprachiasmatic nucleus efferent projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 1997; 383: 397–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai J. P., Swaab D. F., Van Der Vliet J., Buijs R. M. Postmortem tracing reveals the organization of hypothalamic projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the human brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998a; 400: 87–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai J. P., van der Vliet J., Swaab D. F., Buijs R. M. Human retinohypothalamic tract as revealed by in vitro postmortem tracing. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998b; 397: 357–370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De la Iglesia H. O., Schwartz W. J. A subpopulation of efferent neurons in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus is also light responsive. Neuroreport 2002; 13: 857–860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de La Iglesia H. O., Blaustein J. D., Bittman E. L. The suprachiasmatic area in the female hamster projects to neurons containing estrogen receptors and GnRH. Neuroreport 1995; 6: 1715–1722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De La Iglesia H. O., Meyer J., Carpino A., Schwartz W. J. Antiphase oscillation of the left and right suprachiasmatic nuclei. Science 2000; 290: 799–801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De La Iglesia H. O., Meyer J., Schwartz W. J. Lateralization of circadian pacemaker output: Activation of left‐ and right‐sided luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone neurons involves a neural rather than a humoral pathway. J. Neurosci. 2003; 23: 7412–7414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deboer T., Overeem S., Visser N. A., Duindam H., Frolich M., Lammers G. J., Meijer J. H. Convergence of circadian and sleep regulatory mechanisms on hypocretin‐1. Neurosci. 2004; 129: 727–732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahrenkrug J. PACAP: a multifacetted neuropeptide. Chronobiol. Int. 2006; 23, in press
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fink‐Jensen A., Møller M. Direct projections from the anterior and tuberal regions of the lateral hypothalamus to the rostral part of the pineal complex of the rat. An anterograde neuron‐tracing study by using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Brain Res. 1990; 522: 337–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flood D. G., Gibbs F. P. Species difference in circadian [14C]2‐deoxyglucose uptake by suprachiasmatic nuclei. Brain Res. 1982; 232: 200–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu Y., Liao H. W., Do M. T., Yau K. W. Non‐image‐forming ocular photoreception in vertebrates. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2005; 15: 415–422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funabashi T., Shinohara K., Mitsushima D., Kimura F. Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone exhibits circadian rhythm in phase with arginine‐vasopressin in co‐cultures of the female rat preoptic area and suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2000; 12: 521–528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillette M. U., Reppert S. M. The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei: Circadian patterns of vasopressin secretion and neuronal activity in vitro. Brain Res. Bull. 1987; 19: 135–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham E. S., Littlewood P., Turnbull Y., Mercer J. G., Morgan P. J., Barrett P. Neuromedin‐U is regulated by the circadian clock in the SCN of the mouse. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2005; 21: 814–819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green D. J., Gillette R. Circadian rhythm of firing rate recorded from single cells in the rat suprachiasmatic brain slice. Brain Res. 1982; 245: 198–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groblewski T. A., Nunez A. A., Gold R. M. Circadian rhythms in vasopressin deficient rats. Brain Res. Bull. 1981; 6: 125–130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groos G. A., Hendriks J. Circadian rhythms in electrical discharge of rat suprachiasmatic neurones recorded in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 1982; 34: 283–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo H., Brewer J. M., Champhekar A., Harris R. B., Bittman E. L. Differential control of peripheral circadian rhythms by suprachiasmatic‐dependent neural signals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005; 102: 3111–3116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannibal J. Regulation of melanopsin expression. Chronobiol. Int. 2006; 23, in press
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hannibal J., Møller M., Ottersen O. P., Fahrenkrug J. PACAP and glutamate are co‐stored in the retinohypothalamic tract. J. Comp. Neurol. 2000; 418: 147–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog E. D., Geusz M. E., Khalsa S. B.S., Straume M., Block G. D. Circadian rhythms in mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus explants on multimicroelectrode plates. Brain Res. 1997; 757: 285–290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsbeek A., Buijs R. M., Van Heerikhuize J. J., Arts M., Van Der Woude T. P. Vasopressin‐containing neurons of the suprachiasmatic nuclei inhibit corticosterone release. Brain Res. 1992; 580: 62–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsbeek A., Rikkers M., Vivien‐Roels B., Pévet P. Vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide infused in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus elevate plasma melatonin levels. J. Pineal Res. 1993; 15: 46–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsbeek A., Drijfhout W. J., Westerink B. H.C., Van Heerikhuize J. J., Van Der Woude T., Van Der Vliet J., Buijs R. M. GABA receptors in the region of the dorsomedial hypothalamus of rats are implicated in the control of melatonin. Neuroendocrinol. 1996a; 63: 69–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsbeek A., Van Der Vliet J., Buijs R. M. Decrease of endogenous vasopressin release necessary for expression of the circadian rise in plasma corticosterone: a reverse microdialysis study. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1996b; 8: 299–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsbeek A., Van Heerikhuize J. J., Wortel J., Buijs R. M. A diurnal rhythm of stimulatory input to the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal system as revealed by timed intrahypothalamic administration of the vasopressin V1 antagonist. J. Neurosci. 1996c; 16: 5555–5565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsbeek A., Cutrera R. A., Van Heerikhuize J. J., Van Der Vliet J., Buijs R. M. GABA release from SCN terminals is necessary for the light‐induced inhibition of nocturnal melatonin release in the rat. Neurosci. 1999; 91: 453–461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsbeek A., Garidou M. L., Palm I. F., Van Der Vliet J., Simonneaux V., Pévet P., Buijs R. M. Melatonin sees the light: Blocking GABA‐ergic transmission in the paraventricular nucleus induces daytime secretion of melatonin. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2000; 12: 3146–3154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsbeek A., Ruiter M., La Fleur S. E., Van Heijningen C., Buijs R. M. The diurnal modulation of hormonal responses in the rat varies with different stimuli. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2003; 15: 1144–1155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsbeek A., La Fleur S., Van Heijningen C., Buijs R. M. Suprachiasmatic GABAergic inputs to the paraventricular nucleus control plasma glucose concentrations in the rat via sympathetic innervation of the liver. J. Neurosci. 2004; 24: 7604–7613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein D. C., Moore R. Y. Pineal N‐acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole‐O‐methyl‐ transferase: Control by the retinohypothalamic tract and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res. 1979; 174: 245–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer A., Yang F. C., Snodgrass P., Li X. D., Scammell T. E., Davis F. C., Weitz C. J. Regulation of daily locomotor activity and sleep by hypothalamic EGF receptor signaling. Science 2001; 294: 2511–2515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreier F., Fliers E., Voshol P. J., Van Eden C. G., Havekes L. M., Kalsbeek A., Van Heijningen C. L., Sluiter A. A., Mettenleiter T. C., Romijn J. A., Sauerwein H. P., Buijs R. M. Selective parasympathetic innervation of subcutaneous and intra‐abdominal fat—functional implications. J. Clin. Invest. 2002; 110: 1243–1250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriegsfeld L. J., Leak R. K., Yackulic C. B., LeSauter J., Silver R. Organization of suprachiasmatic nucleus projections in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus): an anterograde and retrograde analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 2004; 468: 361–379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Fleur S. E., Kalsbeek A., Wortel J., Buijs R. M. An SCN generated rhythm in basal glucose levels. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1999; 11: 643–652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Fleur S. E., Kalsbeek A., Wortel J., Fekkes M. L., Buijs R. M. A daily rhythm in glucose tolerance. A role for the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1237–1243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen P. J., Enquist L. W., Card J. P. Characterization of the multisynaptic neuronal control of the rat pineal gland using viral transneuronal tracing. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1998; 10: 128–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leak R. K., Moore R. Y. Topographic organization of suprachiasmatic nucleus projection neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 2001; 433: 312–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehman M. N., Silver R., Gladstone W. R., Kahn R. M., Gibson M., Bittman E. L. Circadian rhythmicity restored by neural transplant. Immunocytochemical characterization of the graft and its integration with the host brain. J. Neurosci. 1987; 7: 1626–1638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luiten P. G., Ter Horst G. J., Karst H., Steffens A. B. The course of paraventricular hypothalamic efferents to autonomic structures in medulla and spinal cord. Brain Res. 1985; 11: 374–378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long M. A., Jutras M. J., Connors B. W., Burwell R. D. Electrical synapses coordinate activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nat. Neurosci. 2005; 8: 61–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer‐Bernstein E. L., Jetton A. E., Matsumoto S. I., Markuns J. F., Lehman M. N., Bittman E. L. Effects of suprachiasmatic transplants on circadian rhythms of neuroendocrine function in golden hamsters. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 207–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore R. Y. Neural control of the pineal gland. Behav. Brain Res. 1996; 73: 125–130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore R. Y., Klein D. C. Visual pathways and the central neural control of a circadian rhythm in pineal serotonin N‐acetyltransferase activity. Brain Res. 1974; 71: 17–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munch I. C., Moller M., Larsen P. J., Vrang N. Light‐induced c‐fos expression in suprachiasmatic nuclei neurons targeting the paraventricular nucleus of the hamster hypothalamus: Phase dependence and immunochemical identification. J. Comp. Neurol. 2002; 442: 48–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagano M., Adachi A., Nakahama K., Nakamura T., Tamada M., Meyer‐Bernstein E., Sehgal A., Shigeyoshi Y. An abrupt shift in the day/night cycle causes desynchrony in the mammalian circadian center. J. Neurosci. 2003; 23: 6141–6151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagoshi E., Saini C., Bauer C., Laroche T., Naef F., Schibler U. Circadian gene expression in individual fibroblasts: cell‐autonomous and self‐sustained oscillators pass time to daughter cells. Cell 2004; 119: 693–705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura W., Honma S., Shirakawa T., Honma K. Regional pacemakers composed of multiple oscillator neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2001; 14: 666–674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak C. M., Nunez A. A. A sparse projection from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the sleep active ventrolateral preoptic area in the rat. Neuroreport 2000; 11: 93–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palm I. F., Van Der Beek E. M., Wiegant V. M., Buijs R. M., Kalsbeek A. Vasopressin induces an LH surge in ovariectomized, estradiol‐treated rats with lesion of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 1999; 93: 659–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palm I. F., Van Der Beek E. M., Wiegant V. M., Buijs R. M., Kalsbeek A. The stimulatory effect of vasopressin on the luteinizing hormone surge in ovariectomized, estradiol‐treated rats is time‐dependent. Brain Res. 2001; 901: 109–116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panda S., Antoch M. P., Miller B. H., Su A. I., Schook A. B., Straume M., Schultz P. G., Kay S. A., Takahashi J. S., Hogenesch J. B. Coordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. Cell 2002; 109: 307–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreau‐Lenz S., Kalsbeek A., Garidou M. L., Wortel J., Van Der Vliet J., Van Heijningen C., Simonneaux V., Pévet P., Buijs R. M. Suprachiasmatic control of melatonin synthesis in rats: Inhibitory and stimulatory mechanisms. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003; 17: 221–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreau‐Lenz S., Kalsbeek A., Pévet P., Buijs R. M. Glutamatergic clock output stimulates melatonin synthesis at night. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2004; 19: 318–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintero J. E., Kuhlman S. J., McMahon D. G. The biological clock nucleus: A multiphasic oscillator network regulated by light. J. Neurosci. 2003; 23: 8070–8076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quiroga R. Q., Reddy L., Kreiman G., Koch C., Fried I. Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature 2005; 435: 1102–1107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralph M. R., Foster R. G., Davis F. C., Menaker M. Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science 1990; 247: 975–978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy A. B., Field M. D., Maywood E. S., Hastings M. H. Differential resynchronisation of circadian clock gene expression within the suprachiasmatic nuclei of mice subjected to experimental jet lag. J. Neurosci. 2002; 22: 7326–7330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reppert M., Weaver D. R. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 2002; 418: 935–941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reppert S. M., Artman H. G., Swaminathan S., Fisher D. A. Vasopressin exhibits a rhythmic daily pattern in cerebrospinal fluid but not in blood. Science 1981; 213: 1256–1257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiter M., La Fleur S. E., Van Heijningen C., Van Der Vliet J., Kalsbeek A., Buijs R. M. The daily rhythm in plasma glucagon concentrations in the rat is modulated by the biological clock and by feeding behavior. Diabetes 2003; 52: 1709–1715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaebParsy K., Dyball R. E.J. Defined cell groups in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus have different day/night rhythms of single‐unit activity in vivo. J. Biol. Rhythms 2003; 18: 26–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saper C. B., Lu J., Chou T. C., Gooley J. The hypothalamic integrator for circadian rhythms. Tr. Neurosci. 2005; 28: 152–157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato T. K., Panda S., Miraglia L. J., Reyes T. M., Rudic R. D., McNamara P., Naik K. A., Fitzgerald G. A., Kay S. A., Hogenesch J. B. A functional genomics strategy reveals Rora as a component of the mammalian circadian clock. Neuron 2004; 43: 527–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaap J., Albus H., VanderLeest H. T., Eilers P. H., Detari L., Meijer J. H. Heterogeneity of rhythmic suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons: Implications for circadian waveform and photoperiodic encoding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003; 100: 15994–15999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz W. J., Gainer H. Suprachiasmatic nucleus: Use of 14C‐labeled deoxyglucose uptake as a functional marker. Science 1977; 197: 1089–1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz W. J., Reppert S. M. Neural regulation of the circadian vasopressin rhythm in cerebrospinal fluid: A pre‐eminent role for the suprachiasmatic nuclei. J. Neurosci. 1985; 5: 2771–2778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz W. J., Davidsen L. C., Smith C. B. In vivo metabolic activity of a putative circadian oscillator, the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 1980; 189: 157–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz W. J., Coleman R. J., Reppert S. M. A daily vasopressin rhythm in rat cerebrospinal fluid. Brain Res. 1983; 263: 105–112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibata S., Oomura Y., Kita H., Hattori K. Circadian rhythmic changes of neuronal activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat hypothalamic slice. Brain Res. 1982; 247: 154–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver R., Lesauter J., Tresco P. A., Lehman M. A diffusible coupling signal from the transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus controlling circadian locomotor rhythms. Nature 1996; 382: 810–813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sujino M., Masumoto K., Yamaguchi S., van der Horst G. T.J., Okamura H., Inouye S. I.T. Suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts restore circadian behavioral rhythms of genetically arrhythmic mice. Curr. Biol. 2003; 13: 664–668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun X., Rusak B., Semba K. Electrophysiology and pharmacology of projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the ventromedial preoptic area in rat. Neurosci. 2000; 98: 715–728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun X., Whitefield S., Rusak B., Semba K. Electrophysiological analysis of suprachiasmatic nucleus projections to the ventrolateral preoptic area in the rat. European J. Neurosci. 2001; 14: 1257–1274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaab D. F., Pool C. W., Nijveldt F. Immunofluorescence of vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat hypothalamo‐neurohypophyseal system. J. Neural Transm. 1975; 36: 195–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann J. M., Turek F. W. Multiple circadian oscillator regulate the timing of behavioral and endocrine rhythms in female golden hamsters. Science 1985; 228: 898–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi J. S. Finding new clock components: Past and future. J. Biol. Rhythms 2004; 19: 339–347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teclemariam‐Mesbah R., Kalsbeek A., Pévet P., Buijs R. M. Direct vasoactive intestinal polypeptide‐containing projection from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to spinal projecting hypothalamic paraventricular neurons. Brain Res. 1997; 748: 71–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teclemariam‐Mesbah R., Ter Horst G. J., Postema F., Wortel J., Buijs R. M. Anatomical demonstration of the suprachiasmatic nucleus—pineal pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 1999; 406: 171–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tousson E., Meissl H. Suprachiasmatic nuclei grafts restore the circadian rhythm in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. 2004; 24: 2983–2988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Beek E. M., Horvath T. L., Wiegant V. M., Van Den Hurk R., Buijs R. M. Evidence for a direct neuronal pathway from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone system: Combined tracing and light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 1997; 384: 569–579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandesande F., De Mey J., Dierickx K. Identification of neurophysin producing cells. I. The origin of the neurophysin‐like substance‐containing nerve fibres of the external region of the median eminence of the rat. Cell Tissue Res. 1974; 151: 187–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitaterna M. H., King D. P., Chang A. M., Kornhauser J. M., Lowrey P. L., McDonald J. D., Dove w.F., Pinto L. H., Turek F. W., Takahashi J. S. Mutagenesis and mapping of a mouse gene Clock, essential for circadian behavior. Science 1994; 264: 719–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrang N., Larsen P. J., Mikkelsen J. D. Direct projection from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to hypophysiotrophic corticotropin‐releasing factor immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus demonstrated by means of Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin tract tracing. Brain Res. 1995; 684: 61–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson R. E., Langub M. C., Engle M. G., Maley B. E. Estrogen‐receptive neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus are synaptic targets of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and peri‐suprachiasmatic region. Brain Res. 1998; 689: 254–264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver D. R. The suprachiasmatic nucleus: A 25‐year retrospective. J. Biol. Rhythms 1998; 13: 100–112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh D. K., Logothetis D. E., Meister M., Reppert S. M. Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms. Neuron 1995; 14: 697–706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan L., Silver R. Differential induction and localization of mPer1 and mPer2 during advancing and delaying phase shifts. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2002; 16: 1531–1540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S., Zeitzer J. M., Yoshida Y., Wisor J. P., Nishino S., Edgar D. M., Mignot E. Lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus eliminate the daily rhythm of hypocretin‐1 release. Sleep 2004; 27: 619–627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar