The Heart´s rhythm ‘n’ blues: Sex differences in circadian variation patterns of vagal activity vary by depressive symptoms in predominantly healthy employees

References

• Armitage R, Hoffmann R, Fitch T, Trivedi M, Rush AJ. 2000. Temporal characteristics of delta activity during NREM sleep in depressed outpatients and healthy adults: Group and sex effects. Sleep. 23:607–17.
   Google Scholar
• Bassett DA. 2016. A literature review of heart rate variability in depressive and bipolar disorders. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry. 50:511–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechtel W. 2015. Circadian rhythms and mood disorders: Are the phenomena and mechanisms causally related? Front. Psychiatry. 6:118. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00118.
   Google Scholar
• Butler EA, Wilhelm FH, Gross JJ. 2006. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, emotion, and emotion regulation during social interaction. Psychophysiology. 43:612–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00467.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çalıyurt O. 2007. Role of chronobiology as a transdisciplinary field of research: Its applications in treating mood disorders. Balkan Med J. 34:514–21. doi: 10.4274/balkanmedj.2017.1280.
   Google Scholar
• Castro MN, Vigo DE, Gustafson DR, Vila-Pérez I, Massaro P, García C, Nemeroff CB, Guinjoan SM, Ladrón-de-Guevara MS. 2017. Acute and six-month depression-related abnormalities in the sleep-wake rhythm of cardiac autonomic activity in survivors of acute coronary syndromes. Pers Med Psychiatry. 4–6:13–18. doi: 10.1016/j.pmip.2017.06.001.
   Google Scholar
• Chambers AS, Allen JJB. 2007. Sex differences in cardiac vagal control in a depressed sample: Implications for differential cardiovascular mortality. Biol Psychol. 75:32–36. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.11.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien H-C, Chung Y-C, Yeh M-L, Lee J-F. 2015. Breathing exercise combined with cognitive behavioural intervention improves sleep quality and heart rate variability in major depression. J Clin Nurs. 24:3206–14 doi: 10.1111/jocn.12972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley HD, Mathias CJ, Josephs O, O’Doherty J, Zanini S, Dewar B-K, Cipolotti L, Shallice T, Dolan RJ. 2003. Human cingulate cortex and autonomic control: Converging neuroimaging and clinical evidence. Brain. 126:2139–52. doi: 10.1093/brain/awg216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgar N, McClung CA. 2013. Major depressive disorder. A Loss of Circadian Synchrony? Bioessays. 35:940–44. doi: 10.1002/bies.201300086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández JR, Hermida RC, Mojón A. 2009. Chronobiological analysis techniques. Application to blood pressure. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 367:431–45. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Flaxman AD, Patten SB, Vos T, Whiteford HA. 2013. The epidemiological modelling of major depressive disorder: Application for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. PLoS One. 8:e69637. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia RG, Zarruk JG, Guzman JC, Barrera C, Pinzon A, Trillos E, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Morillo CA, Maior RS, Diaz-Quijano FA, et al. 2012. Sex differences in cardiac autonomic function of depressed young adults. Biol Psychol. 90:179–85. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlib IH, Jonides J, Buschkuehl M, Joormann J. 2011. Memory for affectively valenced and neutral stimuli in depression: Evidence from a novel matching task. Cogn Emot. 25:1246–54. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.538374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould W, Hilbe J. 1991. Ladder-of-Powers variable transformation. Stata Tech Bull. 2:14–15.
   Google Scholar
• Grippo AJ, Johnson AK. 2002. Biological mechanisms in the relationship between depression and heart disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 26:941–62. doi: 10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00003-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasler BP, Buysse DJ, Kupfer DJ, Germain A. 2010. Phase relationships between core body temperature, melatonin, and sleep are associated with depression severity: Further evidence for circadian misalignment in non-seasonal depression. Psychiatry Res. 178:205–07. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. 1996. Task force of the european society of cardiology and the north american society of pacing and electrophysiology. Circulation. 93:1043–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain FA, Cook IA, Leuchter AF, Hunter AM, Davydov DM, Ottaviani C, Tartter M, Crump C, Shapiro D. 2014. Heart rate variability and treatment outcome in major depression: A pilot study. Int J Psychophysiol. 93:204–10. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jandackova VK, Britton A, Malik M, Steptoe A. 2016. Heart rate variability and depressive symptoms: A cross-lagged analysis over a 10-year period in the Whitehall II study. Psychol Med. 46:2121–31. doi: 10.1017/S003329171600060X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarczok, Li J, Mauss D, Fischer JE, Thayer JF. 2013. Heart rate variability is associated with glycemic status after controlling for components of the metabolic syndrome. Int J Cardiol. 167:855–61. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarczok MN, Koenig J, Mauss D, Fischer JE, Thayer JF. 2014. Lower heart rate variability predicts increased level of C-reactive protein 4 years later in healthy, nonsmoking adults. J Intern Med. 276:667–71. doi: 10.1111/joim.12295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joormann J, 2007. Gotlib IH.Selective attention to emotional faces following recovery from depression. J Abnorm Psychol. 116:80–85. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joormann J, Gotlib IH. 2010. Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition. Cogn Emot. 24:281–98. doi: 10.1080/02699930903407948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karhula K, Henelius A, Härmä M, Sallinen M, Lindholm H, Kivimäki M, Vahtera J, Puttonen S. 2014. Job strain and vagal recovery during sleep in shift working health care professionals. Chronobiol Int. 31:1179–89. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2014.957294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp AH, Quintana DS, Gray MA, Felmingham KL, Brown K, Gatt JM. 2010. Impact of depression and antidepressant treatment on heart rate variability: A review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 67:1067–74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Chatterji S, Lee S, Ormel J, Ustün TB, Wang PS. 2009. The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 18:23–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim H, Somerville LH, Johnstone T, Polis S, Alexander AL, Shin LM, Whalen PJ. 2004. Contextual modulation of amygdala responsivity to surprised faces. J Cogn Neurosci. 16:1730–45. doi: 10.1162/0898929042947865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MJ, Loucks RA, Palmer AL, Brown AC, Solomon KM, Marchante AN, Whalen PJ. 2011. The structural and functional connectivity of the amygdala: From normal emotion to pathological anxiety. Behav Brain Res. 223:403–10. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig J, Thayer JF. 2016. Sex differences in healthy human heart rate variability: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 64:288–310. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo TBJ, Lai CJ, Huang Y-T, Yang CCH. 2005. Regression analysis between heart rate variability and baroreflex-related vagus nerve activity in rats. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 16:864–69. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.40656.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane RD, McRae K, Reiman EM, Chen K, Ahern GL, Thayer JF. 2009. Neural correlates of heart rate variability during emotion. Neuroimage. 44:213–22. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JZ, Bunney BG, Meng F, Hagenauer MH, Walsh DM, Vawter MP, Evans SJ, Choudary PV, Cartagena P, Barchas JD, et al. 2013. Circadian patterns of gene expression in the human brain and disruption in major depressive disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110:9950–55. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1305814110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Shaffer ML, Rodriguez-Colon S, He F, Wolbrette DL, Alagona P, Wu C, Liao D. 2011. The circadian pattern of cardiac autonomic modulation in a middle-aged population. Clin Auton Res. 21:143–50. doi: 10.1007/s10286-010-0112-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Fang J, Wang Z, Rong P, Hong Y, Fan Y, Wang X, Park J, Jin Y, Liu C, et al. 2016. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates amygdala functional connectivity in patients with depression. J Affect Disord. 205:319–26. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey SH, Backes KA, Schuette SA. 2016. Plasma oxytocin concentration and depressive symptoms: A review of current evidence and directions for future research. Depress. Anxiety. 33:316–22. doi:10.1002/da.22467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauss D, Litaker D, Jarczok MN, Li J, Bosch JA, Fischer JE. 2013. Anti-clockwise rotating shift work and health: Would you prefer 3-shift or 4-shift operation? Am. J Ind Med. 56:599–608. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22157.
   Google Scholar
• McClung CA. 2013. How might circadian rhythms control mood? let me count the ways. Biol Psychiatry. 74:242–49. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuaid RJ, McInnis OA, Abizaid A, Anisman H. 2014. Making room for oxytocin in understanding depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 45:305–22. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller AH, Raison CL. 2016. The role of inflammation in depression: From evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nat Rev Immunol. 16:22–34. doi: 10.1038/nri.2015.5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent AC, Bain EE, Thayer JF, Sollers JJ, Drevets WC. 2011. Sex differences in the neural correlates of autonomic arousal: A pilot PET study. Int J Psychophysiol. 80:182–91. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt D, Wilson S, Paterson L. 2008. Sleep disorders as core symptoms of depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 10:329–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okutucu S, Karakulak UN, Kabakci G. 2011. Circadian blood pressure pattern and cardiac autonomic functions: different aspects of same pathophysiology. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 11:168–73. doi:10.5152/akd.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penttilä J, Helminen A, Jartti T, Kuusela T, Huikuri HV, Tulppo MP, Coffeng R, Scheinin H. 2001. Time domain, geometrical and frequency domain analysis of cardiac vagal outflow: Effects of various respiratory patterns. Clin Physiol. 21:365–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Refinetti R, Cornélissen G, Halberg F. 2007. Procedures for numerical analysis of circadian rhythms. Biol Rhythm Res. 38:275–325. doi: 10.1080/09291010600903692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riganello F, Dolce G, Sannita WG. 2012. Heart rate variability and the central autonomic network in the severe disorder of consciousness. J Rehabil Med. 44:495–501. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottenberg J. 2007. Cardiac vagal control in depression: A critical analysis. Biol Psychol. 74:200–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saß A-C, Lampert T, Prütz F, Seeling S, Starker A, Kroll LE, Rommel A, Ryl L, Ziese T. 2015. Wie steht es um unsere Gesundheit? In: Robert Koch-Institut, editor. Gesundheit in Deutschland. Gesundheitsberichterstattung Des Bundes. Gemeinsam Getragen von RKI Und Destatis, Berlin. p. 18–146. https://doi.org/10.17886/rkipubl-2015-003-2
   Google Scholar
• Sakaki M, Yoo HJ, Nga L, Lee T-H, Thayer JF, Mather M. 2016. Heart rate variability is associated with amygdala functional connectivity with MPFC across younger and older adults. Neuroimage. 139:44–52. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semenkovich K, Brown ME, Svrakic DM, Lustman PJ. 2015. Depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Prevalence, impact, and treatment. Drugs. 75:577–87. doi: 10.1007/s40265-015-0347-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegle GJ, Steinhauer SR, Thase ME, Stenger VA, Carter CS. 2002. Can’t shake that feeling: Event-related fMRI assessment of sustained amygdala activity in response to emotional information in depressed individuals. Biol Psychiatry. 51:693–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegle GJ, Thompson W, Carter CS, Steinhauer SR, Thase ME. 2007. Increased Amygdala and Decreased Dorsolateral Prefrontal BOLD Responses in Unipolar Depression: Related and Independent Features. Biol Psychiatry. 61:198–209. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TW, Cribbet MR, Nealey-Moore JB, Uchino BN, Williams PG, Mackenzie J, Thayer JF. 2011. Matters of the variable heart: Respiratory sinus arrhythmia response to marital interaction and associations with marital quality. J Pers Soc Psychol. 100:103–19. doi: 10.1037/a0021136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taillard J, Lemoine P, Boule P, Drogue M, Mouret J. 1993. Sleep and heart rate circadian rhythm in depression: The necessity to separate. Chronobiol Int. 10:63–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tak LM, Janssens KAM, Dietrich A, Slaets JPJ, Rosmalen JGM. 2010. Age-specific associations between cardiac vagal activity and functional somatic symptoms: A population-based study. Psychother. Psychosom. 79:179–87. doi: 10.1159/000296136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor SE, Klein LC, Lewis BP, Gruenewald TL, Gurung RA, Updegraff JA. 2000. Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychol Rev. 107:411–29. doi: 10.1037//0033-295x.107.3.411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer JF, Ahs F, Fredrikson M, Sollers JJ, Wager TD. 2012. A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: Implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 36:747–56. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer JF, Lane RD. 2007. The role of vagal function in the risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Biol Psychol. 74:224–42. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.11.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer JF, Lane RD. 2009. Claude Bernard and the heart-brain connection: Further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 33:81–88. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer JF, Smith M, Rossy LA, Sollers JJ, 1998. Friedman BH. Heart period variability and depressive symptoms: Gender differences. Biol Psychiatry. 44:304–06.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer JF, Yamamoto SS, Brosschot JF. 2010. The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int J Cardiol. 141:122–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracey KJ. 2010. Understanding immunity requires more than immunology. Nat Immunol. 11:561–64. doi: 10.1038/ni0710-561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Mill JG, Hoogendijk WJG, Vogelzangs N, Van Dyck R, Penninx BWJH. 2010. Insomnia and sleep duration in a large cohort of patients with major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 71:239–46. doi: 10.4088/JCP.09m05218gry.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verkuil B, Brosschot JF, Marques AH, Kampschroer K, Sternberg EM, Thayer JF. 2015. Gender differences in the impact of daily sadness on 24-h heart rate variability. Psychophysiology. 52:1682–88. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weippert M, Kumar M, Kreuzfeld S, Arndt D, Rieger A, Stoll R. 2010. Comparison of three mobile devices for measuring R-R intervals and heart rate variability: Polar S810i, Suunto t6 and an ambulatory ECG system. Eur J Appl Physiol. 109:779–86. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1415-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirz-Justice A. 2008. Diurnal variation of depressive symptoms. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 10:337–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young JJ, Bruno D, Pomara N. 2014. A review of the relationship between proinflammatory cytokines and major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 169:15–20. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.07.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar