References
- Association AP. 1994. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
- Bara A, Arber S. 2009. Working shifts and mental health – findings from the British Household Panel Survey (1995-2005). Scand J Work Environ Health. 35(5):361–367. doi:https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1344
- Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. 1961. An inventory for measuring depression. JAMA Psychiatry. 4:561–571. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
- Bildt C, Michélsen H. 2002. Gender differences in the effects from working conditions on mental health: a 4-year follow-up. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 75(4):252–258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-001-0299-8
- Charles LE, Burchfiel CM, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, Violanti J, Vila B. 2007. Obesity and sleep: the Buffalo Police health study. Policing. 30(2):203–214. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510710753216
- Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. 1983. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 24(4):385–396. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
- Dolle K, Schulte-Körne G, O’Leary AM, Von Hofacker N, Izat Y, Allgaier A. 2012. The beck depression Inventory-II in adolescent mental health patients: cut-off scores for detecting depression and rating severity. Psychiatry Res. 200(2–3):843–848. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.011
- Driesen K, Jansen NWH, Van Amelsvoort L, Kant I. 2011. The mutual relationship between shift work and depressive complaints—a prospective cohort study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 37(5):402–410. doi:https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3158
- Groth-Marnat G. 2009. Handbook of psychological assessment. New York, NY: John Wiley&Sons.
- Habersaat SA, Geiger AM, Abdellaoui S, Wolf JM. 2015. Health in police officers: role of risk factor clusters and police divisions. Soc Sci Med. 143:213–222. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.043
- Harrington JM. 2001. Health effects of shift work and extended hours of work. Occup Environ Med. 58(1):68–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.58.1.68
- Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. 1979. Impact of events scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med. 41(3):209–218. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004
- Khosro S, Alireza S, Omid A, Forough S. 2011. Night work and inflammatory markers. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 15(1):38–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.82996
- Kim I, Kim H, Lim S, Lee M, Bahk J, June KJ, Kim S, Chang WJ. 2013. Working hours and depressive symptomatology among full-time employees: results from the fourth Korean national health and nutrition examination survey (2007—2009). Scand J Work Environ Health. 39(5):515–520. doi:https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3356
- Lassale C, Batty GD, Baghdadli A, Jacka F, Sánchez-Villegas A, Kivimäki M, Akbaraly T. 2019. Healthy dietary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Mol Psychiatry. 24(7):965–986. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0237-8
- Lee A, Myung S, Cho JJ, Jung Y, Yoon JL, Kim MY. 2017. Night shift work and risk of depression: meta-analysis of observational studies. J Korean Med Sci. 32(7):1091–1096. doi:https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.7.1091
- Leonard BE. 2007. Inflammation, depression and dementia: are they connected? Neurochem Res. 32(10):1749–1756. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-007-9385-y
- Luca M, Bellia S, Bellia M, Luca A, Calandra C. 2014. Prevalence of depression and its relationship with work characteristics in a sample of public workers. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 10:519–525. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S56989
- Ma CC, Andrew ME, Fekedulegn D, Gu JK, Hartley TA, Charles LE, Violanti JM, Burchfiel CM. 2015. Shift work and occupational stress in police officers. Saf Health Work. 6(1):25–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2014.10.001
- Mongrain V, Carrier J, Dumont M. 2005. Chronotype and sex effects on sleep architecture and quantitative sleep EEG in healthy young adults. Sleep. 28(7):819–827. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/28.7.819
- Monteleone P, Martiadis V, Maj M. 2011. Circadian rhythms and treatment implications in depression. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 35(7):1569–1574. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.07.028
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2013. NIOSH data and statistics gateway. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [accessed 2019 Jan 5]. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/data/default.html
- Pandi-Perumal SR, Srinivasan V, Maestroni GJM, Cardinali DP, Poeggeler B, Hardeland R. 2006. Melatonin. Febs J. 273(13):2813–2838. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05322.x
- Park JN, Han MA, Park J, Ryu SY. 2016. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and related factors in Korean employees: the third Korean working conditions survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 13(4):424. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040424
- Pett JP, Korenčič A, Wesener F, Kramer A, Herzel H. 2016. Feedback loops of the mammalian circadian clock constitute repressilator. PLoS Comput Biol. 12(12):e1005266. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005266
- Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH, Touitou Y. 2010. Ethics and methods for biological rhythm research on animals and human beings. Chronobiol Int. 27(9–10):1911–1929. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2010.516381
- Puttonen S, Viitasalo K, Härmä M. 2011. Effect of shiftwork on systemic markers of inflammation. Chronobiol Int. 28(6):528–535. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2011.580869
- Radloff LS. 1977. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1(3):385–401. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
- Ramey SL, Perkhounkova Y, Moon M, Budde L, Tseng H, Clark MK. 2012. The effect of work shift and sleep duration on various aspects of police officers’ health. Workplace Health Saf. 60(5):215–222. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/216507991206000505
- Salgado-Delgado R, Tapia Osorio A, Saderi N, Escobar C. 2011. Disruption of circadian rhythms: a crucial factor in the etiology of depression. Depress Res Treat. 2011:9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/839743
- Sandman N, Merikanto I, Määttänen H, Valli K, Kronholm E, Laatikainen T, Partonen T, Paunio T. 2016. Winter is coming: nightmares and sleep problems during seasonal affective disorder. J Sleep Res. 25(5):612–619. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12416
- Schober P, Boer C, Schwarte LA. 2018. Correlation Coefficients: appropriate Use and Interpretation. Anesth Analg. 126(5):1763–1768. doi:https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864
- Scott AJ, Monk TH, Brink LL. 1997. Shiftwork as a risk factor for depression: a pilot study. 3:2.
- Smarr KL, Keefer AL. 2011. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Arthritis Care Res. 63:S454–S466. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.20556
- Spielberger CD, Westberry LG, Grier KS, Greenfield G. 1981. Police stress survey – sources of stress in law enforcement. Tampa: College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Univer. of South Florida.
- Thayyil J, Jayakrishnan TT, Raja M, Cherumanalil JM. 2012. Metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular risk factors among police officers. N Am J Med Sci. 4(12):630–635. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.104313
- Violanti JM, Burchfiel CM, Hartley TA, Mnatsakanova A, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, Charles LE, Vila BJ. 2009a. Atypical work hours and metabolic syndrome among police officers. Arch Environ Occup Health. 64(3):194–201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19338240903241259
- Violanti JM, Burchfiel CM, Miller DB, Andrew ME, Dorn J, Wactawski-Wende J, Beighley CM, Pierino K, Joseph PN, Vena JE, et al. 2006. The Buffalo cardio-metabolic occupational police stress (BCOPS) pilot study: methods and participant characteristics. Ann Epidemiol. 16(2):148–156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.07.054
- Violanti JM, Fekedulegn D, Charles LE, Andrew ME, Hartley TA, Mnatsakanova A, Burchfiel CM. 2009b. Suicide in police work: exploring potential contributing influences. Am J Crim Justice. 34(1–2):41–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-008-9049-8
- Wang Z, Inslicht SS, Metzler TJ, Henn-Haase C, McCaslin SE, Tong H, Neylan TC, Marmar CR. 2010. A prospective study of predictors of depression symptoms in police. Psychiatry Res. 175(3):211–216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.11.010
- Wirth M, Burch J, Violanti J, Burchfiel C, Fekedulegn D, Andrew M, Zhang H, Miller DB, Hébert JR, Vena JE. 2011. Shiftwork duration and the awakening cortisol response among police officers. Chronobiol Int. 28(5):446–457. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2011.573112
- Wirth M, Vena JE, Smith EK, Bauer SE, Violanti J, Burch J. 2012. The epidemiology of cancer among police officers. Am J Ind Med. 56(4):439–453. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22145
- Wirth MD, Andrew ME, Burchfiel CM, Burch JB, Fekedulegn D, Hartley TA, Charles LE, Violanti JM. 2017. Association of shiftwork and immune cells among police officers from the Buffalo cardio-metabolic occupational police stress study. Chronobiol Int. 34(6):721–731. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2017.1316732
- Wirth MD, Burch J, Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Vena JE, Hébert JR. 2014. Dietary inflammatory index scores differ by shift work status: NHANES 2005 to 2010. J Occup Environ Med. 56(2):145–148. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000088